Uneven distribution of pores, lack of connection between holes, low reproducibility, insufficient mechanical strength, and incomplete volatility of organic solvents are some problems associated with traditional tissue engineering methods for bone defect repair. These characteristics reduce the quality and stability of products. This study uses 3D printing (3DP) to fabricate a biocompatible poly(lactic) acid‐based scaffold for repairing bone tissue. Hence, three different types of scaffolds are assessed: a freeze‐dried polylactic acid (PLA) scaffold constructed using the traditional freeze‐extraction method; a 3D‐PLA scaffold produced through the 3DP technique; and a 3D‐PLA–bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) scaffold that is prepared using 3DP technology, with the addition of BMP‐2. To enhance biological activity, polydopamine (pDA) is used to graft BMP‐2 on the surface of the 3D‐PLA–BMP‐2 scaffold. Then, the scaffolds are implanted into the bilateral femoral condyles of rabbits, and their ability to repair the bone tissue defects is tested. The results of the experiments reveal that the 3DP scaffolds are more biocompatible than the ones produced through the traditional manufacturing methods because they enhance cell adhesion and differentiation after pDA modification and BMP‐2 fixation. In the future, the 3DP products may be applied for the repair of larger bone defects in the clinical setting.

中文翻译：

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骨形态发生蛋白 2 激活的 3D 打印聚乳酸支架促进骨再生和修复。

孔分布不均、孔间缺乏连接、再现性低、机械强度不足、有机溶剂挥发性不完全是传统组织工程方法修复骨缺损的一些问题。这些特性降低了产品的质量和稳定性。本研究使用 3D 打印 (3DP) 来制造用于修复骨组织的生物相容性聚（乳酸）基支架。因此，评估了三种不同类型的支架：使用传统冷冻提取方法构建的冻干聚乳酸 (PLA) 支架；通过3DP技术生产的3D-PLA支架；以及使用 3DP 技术制备的 3D-PLA-骨形态发生蛋白-2 (BMP-2) 支架，并添加了 BMP-2。为了增强生物活性，聚多巴胺 (pDA) 用于在 3D-PLA-BMP-2 支架表面接枝 BMP-2。然后，将支架植入兔双侧股骨髁，测试其修复骨组织缺损的能力。实验结果表明，3DP 支架比通过传统制造方法生产的支架更具生物相容性，因为它们在 pDA 修饰和 BMP-2 固定后增强了细胞粘附和分化。未来，3DP 产品可能会应用于临床环境中较大骨缺损的修复。实验结果表明，3DP 支架比通过传统制造方法生产的支架更具生物相容性，因为它们在 pDA 修饰和 BMP-2 固定后增强了细胞粘附和分化。未来，3DP 产品可能会应用于临床环境中较大骨缺损的修复。实验结果表明，3DP 支架比通过传统制造方法生产的支架更具生物相容性，因为它们在 pDA 修饰和 BMP-2 固定后增强了细胞粘附和分化。未来，3DP 产品可能会应用于临床环境中较大骨缺损的修复。