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Disentangling dimensions of phytochemical diversity: alpha and beta have contrasting effects on an insect herbivore
Ecology ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-27 , DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3158
Andrea E Glassmire 1, 2 , Luke N Zehr 1 , William C Wetzel 1, 2, 3, 4
Affiliation  

Phytochemical diversity is comprised of two main dimensions - the average (alpha) within plant neighbors or the difference (beta) in the composition of chemicals between plant neighbors. Research, however, has primarily examined the consequences of phytochemical diversity on herbivore performance through a single dimension even though diversity is multi-dimensional. Furthermore, the ecological role of phytochemical diversity is not well understood because each of these dimensions exhibits unique biological effects on herbivore performance. Therefore, it has been difficult to tease apart the relative importance of alpha and beta chemical diversities on plant-herbivore interactions. We experimentally manipulated alpha and beta diversities along a chemical gradient to disentangle the relative effects of these dimensions on the performance of a mobile generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), using 16 genotypes from the Solanum pennellii introgression lines. First, we found contrasting effects from alpha and beta diversities on herbivore performance. Second, when comparing diversity across and within chemical classes, herbivore performance was reduced when plant neighbors had greater diversity within chemical classes that are biologically inhibiting at higher quantities (i.e., quantitative defenses such as phenolics and acyl sugars). However, herbivore performance was enhanced when plant neighbors had higher levels of chemical classes that are biologically toxic (i.e., qualitative defenses such as alkaloids). Finally, herbivores performed better on plant dicultures compared to monocultures, and performance was positively associated with plant dicultures only when there were high levels of average alpha diversity within plant neighbors. Our results suggest T. ni generalist caterpillars do better when plant neighbors are chemically different because differences provide options for them to choose or to switch between plants to balance chemical uptake. Overall, herbivores interact with a large diversity of plant chemicals at multiple scales, and our results indicate that not all chemical diversity is equal: specific dimensions of phytochemical diversity have unique effects on the dynamics of herbivore performance.

中文翻译:

解开植物化学多样性的维度:阿尔法和贝塔对昆虫食草动物有不同的影响

植物化学多样性由两个主要维度组成 - 植物邻居内的平均值 (alpha) 或植物邻居之间化学物质组成的差异 (beta)。然而,研究主要通过单一维度研究了植物化学多样性对食草动物性能的影响,即使多样性是多维度的。此外,植物化学多样性的生态作用尚不清楚,因为这些维度中的每一个都对食草动物的行为表现出独特的生物学影响。因此,很难区分 alpha 和 beta 化学多样性对植物-食草动物相互作用的相对重要性。我们使用来自 Solanum pennellii 基因渗入系的 16 个基因型,通过实验沿着化学梯度操纵 alpha 和 beta 多样性,以解开这些维度对移动通才草食动物 Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) 性能的相对影响。首先,我们发现了 alpha 和 beta 多样性对食草动物表现的对比影响。其次,当比较化学类别之间和内部的多样性时,当植物邻居在更高数量的生物抑制化学类别(即,酚类和酰基糖等定量防御)中具有更大的多样性时,食草动物的表现会降低。然而,当植物邻居具有更高水平的生物毒性化学类别(即生物碱等定性防御)时,食草动物的表现会得到增强。最后,与单一栽培相比,食草动物在植物双栽培中的表现更好,只有当植物邻居内的平均 alpha 多样性水平较高时,性能才与植物双栽培呈正相关。我们的结果表明,当植物邻居在化学上不同时,T. ni 通才毛虫表现更好,因为差异为它们提供了选择或在植物之间切换以平衡化学吸收的选项。总体而言,食草动物在多个尺度上与大量多样性的植物化学物质相互作用,我们的结果表明并非所有的化学多样性都是平等的:植物化学多样性的特定维度对食草动物的表现动态具有独特的影响。只有当植物邻居内的平均 alpha 多样性水平较高时,性能才与植物双培养呈正相关。我们的结果表明,当植物邻居在化学上不同时,T. ni 通才毛虫表现更好,因为差异为它们提供了选择或在植物之间切换以平衡化学吸收的选项。总体而言,食草动物在多个尺度上与大量多样性的植物化学物质相互作用,我们的结果表明并非所有的化学多样性都是平等的:植物化学多样性的特定维度对食草动物的表现动态具有独特的影响。只有当植物邻居内的平均 alpha 多样性水平较高时,性能才与植物双培养呈正相关。我们的结果表明,当植物邻居在化学上不同时,T. ni 通才毛虫表现更好,因为差异为它们提供了选择或在植物之间切换以平衡化学吸收的选项。总体而言,食草动物在多个尺度上与大量多样性的植物化学物质相互作用,我们的结果表明并非所有的化学多样性都是平等的:植物化学多样性的特定维度对食草动物的表现动态具有独特的影响。当植物邻居在化学上不同时,通才毛毛虫做得更好,因为差异为它们提供了选择或在植物之间切换以平衡化学吸收的选择。总体而言,食草动物在多个尺度上与大量多样性的植物化学物质相互作用,我们的结果表明并非所有的化学多样性都是平等的:植物化学多样性的特定维度对食草动物的表现动态具有独特的影响。当植物邻居在化学上不同时,通才毛毛虫做得更好,因为差异为它们提供了选择或在植物之间切换以平衡化学吸收的选择。总体而言,食草动物在多个尺度上与大量多样性的植物化学物质相互作用,我们的结果表明并非所有的化学多样性都是平等的:植物化学多样性的特定维度对食草动物的表现动态具有独特的影响。
更新日期:2020-09-27
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