Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have renewed interest in oncolytic viruses (OVs) as a synergistic platform for the development of novel antitumor strategies. Cancer cells adopt multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress antitumor immune responses, essentially establishing a non-immunogenic (‘cold’) tumor microenvironment (TME), with poor T-cell infiltration and low mutational burden. Limitations to the efficacy of immunotherapy still exist, especially for a variety of solid tumors, where new approaches are necessary to overcome physical barriers in the TME and to mitigate adverse effects associated with current immunotherapeutics. OVs offer an attractive alternative by inducing direct oncolysis, immunogenic cell death, and immune stimulation. These multimodal mechanisms make OVs well suited to reprogram non-immunogenic tumors and TME into inflamed, immunogenic (‘hot’) tumors; enhanced release of tumor antigens by dying cancer cells is expected to augment T-cell infiltration, thereby eliciting potent antitumor immunity. Advances in virus engineering and understanding of tumor biology have allowed the optimization of OV-tumor selectivity, oncolytic potency, and immune stimulation. However, OV antitumor activity is likely to achieve its greatest potential as part of combinatorial strategies with other immune or cancer therapeutics.

癌症免疫疗法的最新进展重新引起人们对溶瘤病毒 (OV) 作为开发新型抗肿瘤策略的协同平台的兴趣。癌细胞采用多种机制来逃避和抑制抗肿瘤免疫反应，基本上建立了非免疫原性（“冷”）肿瘤微环境 (TME)，T 细胞浸润差，突变负荷低。免疫疗法的疗效仍然存在局限性，尤其是对于各种实体瘤，在这些实体瘤中，需要新方法来克服 TME 中的物理障碍并减轻与当前免疫疗法相关的不良反应。OVs 通过诱导直接溶瘤、免疫原性细胞死亡和免疫刺激提供了一种有吸引力的替代方案。这些多模式机制使 OV 非常适合将非免疫原性肿瘤和 TME 重新编程为发炎的免疫原性（“热”）肿瘤；预计死亡癌细胞释放肿瘤抗原会增加 T 细胞浸润，从而引发有效的抗肿瘤免疫。病毒工程的进步和对肿瘤生物学的理解使得 OV 肿瘤选择性、溶瘤效力和免疫刺激的优化成为可能。然而，作为与其他免疫或癌症疗法的组合策略的一部分，OV 抗肿瘤活性可能会发挥其最大潜力。病毒工程的进步和对肿瘤生物学的理解使得 OV 肿瘤选择性、溶瘤效力和免疫刺激的优化成为可能。然而，作为与其他免疫或癌症疗法的组合策略的一部分，OV 抗肿瘤活性可能会发挥其最大潜力。病毒工程的进步和对肿瘤生物学的理解使得 OV 肿瘤选择性、溶瘤效力和免疫刺激的优化成为可能。然而，作为与其他免疫或癌症疗法的组合策略的一部分，OV 抗肿瘤活性可能会发挥其最大潜力。