The chemical structure of resole phenolic prepolymer resin is difficult to be accurately described because it is a mixture composed of different polymerization degree structures. Limited by the knowledge of prepolymer resin structure, the cross-linking degree (CLD) of cured resin and the effects of structure on the ablation properties remain unclear. The objective of this work is to understand the relationship between prepolymer resin structure, CLD of cured resin, and performance. The quantitative characteristic structure of resole prepolymer and CLD of curing resin was proposed in this work based on the full understanding of the chemical structure. A fast and accurate identification method was provided for the quality conformity identification of mass production of resole prepolymer phenolic resin. A novel CLD characterization method for high cross-linking resole phenolic resin was proposed. The results showed that the ablation properties of resole phenolic resin are optimum when formaldehyde/phenol value of prepolymer is in the range of 1.20–1.46. This study may provide meaningful information to the understanding of the ablation mechanism of resole phenolic resin, which is a benefit for developing novel anti-ablation resin.

甲阶酚醛预聚物树脂的化学结构难以准确描述，因为它是由不同聚合度结构组成的混合物。受预聚物树脂结构知识的限制，固化树脂的交联度（CLD）以及结构对烧蚀性能的影响仍然不清楚。这项工作的目的是了解预聚物树脂结构，固化树脂的CLD和性能之间的关系。在充分了解化学结构的基础上，本文提出了甲阶预聚物的定量特征结构和固化树脂的CLD。提供了一种快速，准确的鉴定方法，用于批量生产甲阶酚醛树脂预聚物酚醛树脂的质量符合性鉴定。提出了一种新型的高交联甲阶酚醛树脂CLD表征方法。结果表明，当预聚物的甲醛/苯酚值在1.20-1.46范围内时，甲阶酚醛树脂的消融性能最佳。该研究可能为了解甲阶酚醛树脂的烧蚀机理提供有意义的信息，这对开发新型的抗烧蚀树脂是有好处的。