The effects of elevated arterial stiffness on cardiovascular outcomes are widely studied, whereas the relation to noncardiovascular outcomes relevant to older persons, such as the effect on bones and muscles, is less well established. Arterial stiffness, bone demineralization, and muscle loss are all age-related processes with common risk factors, however, whether these are just parallel age-related alterations or whether these processes share common pathways is not yet understood. In this review, we outline previous literature using different assessments of arterial stiffness in various populations across the world to produce a comprehensive overview. Although there are many studies showing an association between arterial stiffness and loss of bone and muscle, the majority are cross-sectional and there is limited longitudinal evidence to justify causal conclusions. We also give an in-depth review of hypotheses and possible mechanisms which may underlie these associations including hormone dysregulation, impaired glucose metabolism, and inflammation. This narrative review highlights the associations between vessels, bones, and muscles with aging, offering insights into possible shared pathways.

中文翻译：

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解开动脉僵硬、骨骼脱矿和肌肉流失的潜在联系

动脉僵硬度升高对心血管结局的影响得到了广泛研究，而与老年人相关的非心血管结局的关系，例如对骨骼和肌肉的影响，则不太清楚。动脉僵硬、骨骼脱矿和肌肉流失都是具有共同风险因素的与年龄相关的过程，然而，这些过程是否只是与年龄相关的平行变化，或者这些过程是否具有共同的途径尚不清楚。在这篇综述中，我们使用对世界各地不同人群动脉僵硬度的不同评估概述了以前的文献，以产生全面的概述。尽管有许多研究表明动脉僵硬与骨骼和肌肉损失之间存在关联，大多数是横断面的，纵向证据有限，无法证明因果关系的结论是正确的。我们还深入回顾了可能构成这些关联的假设和可能机制，包括激素失调、葡萄糖代谢受损和炎症。这篇叙述性评论强调了血管、骨骼和肌肉与衰老之间的关联，提供了对可能的共享途径的见解。