BACKGROUND: Monitoring resistance to Plant Protection Products (PPPs) is crucial for understanding the evolution of resistances in bioagressors, thereby allowing scientists to design sound bioagressor management strategies. Globally, resistance monitoring is implemented by a wide range of actors that fall into three distinct categories: academic, governmental, and private. The purpose of this study was to investigate worldwide diversity in PPP resistance monitoring systems, and to shed light on their different facets. RESULTS: A large survey involving 162 experts from 48 countries made it possible to identify and analyze 250 resistance monitoring systems. Through an in-depth analysis, the features of the different monitoring systems were identified. The main factor differentiating monitoring systems was essentially the capabilities (funding, manpower, technology, etc.) of the actors involved in each system. In most countries, and especially in those with a high Human Development Index, academic, governmental, and private monitoring systems coexist. Overall, systems focus far more on monitoring established resistances than on the detection of emerging resistances. Governmental and private resistance monitoring systems generally have considerable capacities to generate data, whereas academic resistance monitoring systems are more specialized. Governmental actors federate and enroll a wider variety of stakeholders. CONCLUSION: The results show functional complementarities between the coexisting actors in countries where they coexist. We suggest PPP resistance monitoring might be enhanced if the different actors focus more on detecting emerging resistances (and associated benefits) and increase collaborative and collective efforts and transparency.

中文翻译：

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全球植物保护产品抗性监测系统：冗余与互补之间

背景：监测对植物保护产品（PPPs）的抗性对于了解生物侵害剂中抗性的演变至关重要，从而使科学家能够设计合理的生物侵害剂管理策略。在全球范围内，抵制监视由范围广泛的参与者执行，这些参与者分为三个不同的类别：学术，政府和私人。这项研究的目的是调查PPP阻力监测系统的全球多样性，并阐明其不同方面。结果：来自48个国家的162位专家进行了大规模调查，可以识别和分析250个电阻监测系统。通过深入分析，确定了不同监视系统的功能。监控系统与众不同的主要因素实质上是功能（资金，每个系统中涉及的参与者的人力，技术等）。在大多数国家中，尤其是在人类发展指数较高的国家中，学术，政府和私人监控系统并存。总体而言，系统将重点更多地放在监视已建立的电阻上，而不是在检测新出现的电阻上。政府和私人抵抗监测系统通常具有相当大的数据生成能力，而学术抵抗监测系统则更为专业。政府行为者联合起来并招募更多的利益相关者。结论：结果显示了在它们并存的国家中并存的参与者之间的功能互补。