In the last decades, it has become increasingly clear how the modulation of spatial organization of chromatin over time and through the cell cycle is closely connected to gene function regulation. Different physicochemical stimuli contribute to the realization of specific transcriptional programs and finally to a specific cellular phenotype. In this review, we aim to describe the current knowledge about the dynamics regulating the movements and the interactions of molecules within the nucleus and their impact on gene functions. In particular, taking into account that these forces exert their effect in a nuclear environment characterized by a high concentration of molecules, we will discuss the role of proteins and structures that regulate these movements and transduce physicochemical signals acting on the cell to the nucleus.

中文翻译：

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核环境的动力学及其对基因功能的影响

在过去的几十年中，越来越清楚的是，染色质的空间组织随着时间的推移以及通过细胞周期的调控与基因功能调控紧密相关。不同的物理化学刺激有助于实现特定的转录程序，并最终促进特定的细胞表型。在这篇综述中，我们旨在描述有关调节分子在核内运动和相互作用的动力学及其对基因功能的影响的当前知识。特别是，考虑到这些力在以高浓度分子为特征的核环境中发挥作用，我们将讨论调节这些运动并将作用于细胞的理化信号转导至细胞核的蛋白质和结构的作用。