This review covers the work of the three decades since the first spectroscopic identification of the ${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$ molecular ion outside of the laboratory in 1988, in the auroral atmosphere of the giant planet Jupiter. These decades have seen the astronomy related to this simple molecular ion expand to such an extent that a summary and evaluation of some 450 refereed articles is provided in the review. This enormous body of work has revealed surprises and illuminated the extensive role played by ${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$ in astrophysical environments in our Solar System and beyond. At the same time the physical chemistry and chemical physics of the molecule that has been revealed and studied during this time has proved to be fascinating and enabled high-resolution spectroscopy to benchmark its achievements against equally high-precision calculations. This review includes a brief look at some of the key foundational articles from before the original 1988 Jupiter detection (including the original 1911 ion discharge tube detection by J. J. Thomson and the key laboratory spectroscopy and quantum mechanics calculations on ${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$ structure and spectrum). The review explains the original detection and its serendipitous nature and looks at the astronomy that followed, all the way up to the latest results from NASA’s Juno mission. Also covered are the major advances in our understanding of the interstellar medium (known as ISM) that have resulted from the detection of ${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$ absorption lines there in 1996. The review closes by examining claims for the ion’s presence in other astrophysical environments and its potential role in the atmospheres of exoplanets and brown dwarfs.

中文翻译：

---

H3 +天文学的三十年

这篇综述涵盖了自首次光谱鉴定以来的三十年的工作。 ${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$1988年，在巨大行星木星的极光大气中，分子离子在实验室之外。在过去的几十年中，与这种简单分子离子有关的天文学不断扩大，以至于在综述中提供了约450篇参考文献的摘要和评估。这项巨大的工作揭示了惊喜，并阐明了${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$在太阳系及其以外的天体环境中。同时，在此期间已揭示和研究的分子的物理化学和化学物理学被证明是引人入胜的，并使高分辨率光谱学能够将其成就与同样的高精度计算进行比较。这篇综述简要回顾了原始1988年木星探测前的一些重要基础文章（包括J. J. Thomson最初的1911年离子发射管探测以及关键的光谱学和量子力学计算）。${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$结构和光谱）。这篇评论解释了最初的探测及其偶然性，并考察了随后的天文学，一直到美国宇航局朱诺任务的最新结果。还介绍了我们对星际介质（称为ISM）的理解的主要进展，这些发现是由${\mathrm{H}}_3^{+}$ 吸收线在1996年。审查结束时，审查了有关离子在其他天体环境中的存在及其在系外行星和褐矮星大气中的潜在作用的说法。