In this Research Reflection we describe a common standpoint on suitable methodology for controlled and observational studies in cow-calf contact systems in dairy production. Different methods to assess behaviour, health and production in cow-calf contact systems are outlined. Knowledge and experience from researchers working in this field supplement scientific literature whenever relevant. Specific methods including study design, early behaviour of cow and calf, social behaviour relevant to cow-calf contact systems, human-animal relationships and aspects related to management (milking, weaning and separation, health) are reviewed, and recommendations formed. We expect that this paper can contribute to a better understanding of the complexity of cow-calf contact systems and help to advance research in this area of dairy production.

中文翻译：

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牛犊接触系统中的实验和观察动物研究方法

在本研究反思中，我们描述了在奶制品生产中牛与小牛接触系统的控制和观察研究的合适方法的共同观点。概述了评估牛-小牛接触系统中的行为、健康和生产的不同方法。来自该领域研究人员的知识和经验会在相关时补充科学文献。审查了具体方法，包括研究设计、牛和小牛的早期行为、与牛-小牛接触系统相关的社会行为、人与动物的关系以及与管理相关的方面（挤奶、断奶和分离、健康），并形成了建议。我们希望这篇论文有助于更好地理解牛犊接触系统的复杂性，并有助于推进乳制品生产领域的研究。