The study provides an assessment of sand dredging activities from the bottom of the sea during 2016 in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Total Suspended Solids were analyzed from 2010 until 2016 in the northern and eastern locations according to the Manual of oceanographic observations and pollutant analyses methods. Fifty five percent of sand dredging companies complied with some legislation such as air quality and occupational health. Almost all lacked any compliancy evidence supporting environmental protection. Only 9% of these sand companies use siltation processes to the dredged materials. Siltation is an important step to avoid dispersion of sand into the marine environment. Ambient Total Suspended Solids was around 6.1 mgl−1 ± Standard Error and the study recommends 10 mgl−1 level as an accepted concentration in samples taken from 500 meters away from the dredgers and 100 mgl−1 in samples taken from the middle of the generated silt plumes. The effect of climatic temperatures, dust storms and rain levels on seawater Total Suspended Solids concentration has been briefly discussed. The study concludes no significance seasonal or spatial variation on the ambient Total Suspended Solids concentration. It recommends coupling remote sensing with the conventional data collection and integration of modelling efforts for effective cost benefit monitoring and management of the coastal waters.

中文翻译：

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巴林沿海地区总悬浮固体的时空变化模式，水质指南

该研究提供了对 2016 年巴林王国海底挖沙活动的评估。根据海洋观测和污染物分析方法手册，对 2010 年至 2016 年北部和东部地区的总悬浮固体进行了分析。55% 的挖沙公司遵守了一些法规，例如空气质量和职业健康。几乎所有人都缺乏任何支持环境保护的合规证据。这些砂公司中只有 9% 对疏浚材料使用淤积工艺。淤积是避免沙子扩散到海洋环境中的重要步骤。环境总悬浮固体约为 6。1 mgl-1 ± 标准误差，该研究建议在距挖泥船 500 米处采集的样本中可接受的浓度为 10 mgl-1，而在从生成的淤泥羽流中部采集的样本中，可接受的浓度为 100 mgl-1。已经简要讨论了气候温度、沙尘暴和降雨量对海水总悬浮固体浓度的影响。该研究得出的结论是，环境总悬浮固体浓度没有显着的季节性或空间变化。它建议将遥感与常规数据收集和建模工作的整合相结合，以有效地监测和管理沿海水域的成本效益。已经简要讨论了沙尘暴和降雨量对海水总悬浮固体浓度的影响。该研究得出的结论是，环境总悬浮固体浓度没有显着的季节性或空间变化。它建议将遥感与常规数据收集和建模工作的整合相结合，以有效地监测和管理沿海水域的成本效益。已经简要讨论了沙尘暴和降雨量对海水总悬浮固体浓度的影响。该研究得出的结论是，环境总悬浮固体浓度没有显着的季节性或空间变化。它建议将遥感与常规数据收集和建模工作的整合相结合，以有效地监测和管理沿海水域的成本效益。