The paper attempts to demonstrate that the “old-school” approach in motor control studies suggested over a century ago by I. M. Sechenov (1866/1968, 1901) and, later, N. A. Bernstein (1923, 1929, 1940, 1961) remains valid and relevant. Their methodology was to study the motor “periphery” in order to determine “central” mechanisms of motor control. The approach, which can be termed “bottom-up,” is contrasted with the “top-down” methodology of first making models of brain control and then investigating the functioning of muscles and joint torques. The earlier progress in motor control studies was, to a great extent, due to the fact that Bernstein developed procedures to register multiple degrees of freedom and thus to analyze in detail the structure of natural movement. The analysis of multi-joint goal-directed movement per se, in its own right, could be the starting point for productive studies of both muscular system functioning and its central control by the nervous system. The article reports on how, in some of his less well known works, Bernstein analyzed complex multi-joint movements. The article’s main focus is on movements of the arm as a model example of multi-joint goal-directed movements. It reviews a body of research that follows the “bottom-up” tradition by summarizing contemporary research on two contrasting cases: (1) of a highly coordinated motor skill, as achieved in musical performance or in a precise stroke; and (2) of pathological arm movement in post-stroke neurological patients who have lost capacity as a result of damage to the central nervous system. The paper demonstrates the need for inclusive analyses of all existing degrees of freedom of the moving arm. In the first case, this is important in order to identify some features of learning skills. In the second case, it is important in order to adequately assess the restoration of movements in the process of rehabilitation. The paper concludes by arguing that the “bottom-up” approach in studying the nervous control of complex movements possess a heuristic potential that has not been exhausted.

中文翻译：

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转向伯恩斯坦：运动复杂性作为新领域

本文试图证明一个多世纪前 IM Sechenov (1866/1968, 1901) 和后来的 NA Bernstein (1923, 1929, 1940, 1961) 提出的运动控制研究中的“老派”方法仍然有效，并且相关的。他们的方法是研究运动“外围”，以确定运动控制的“中心”机制。这种方法可以称为“自下而上”，与“自上而下”的方法形成鲜明对比，“自上而下”的方法首先制作大脑控制模型，然后研究肌肉和关节扭矩的功能。运动控制研究的早期进展在很大程度上归功于伯恩斯坦开发了记录多个自由度的程序，从而详细分析自然运动的结构。对多关节目标导向运动本身的分析本身可以成为肌肉系统功能及其神经系统中枢控制的富有成效的研究的起点。这篇文章报道了伯恩斯坦如何在他的一些不太知名的作品中分析复杂的多关节运动。本文的主要重点是手臂的运动，作为多关节目标导向运动的模型示例。它通过总结当代对两个对比案例的研究，回顾了遵循“自下而上”传统的研究机构：（1）高度协调的运动技能，如在音乐表演或精确的击球中所实现的；(2)中风后神经系统患者的病理性手臂运动，这些患者因中枢神经系统受损而丧失能力。本文论证了对移动臂所有现有自由度进行包容性分析的必要性。在第一种情况下，这对于识别学习技能的某些特征很重要。在第二种情况下，为了充分评估康复过程中的运动恢复情况非常重要。该论文最后认为，研究复杂运动的神经控制的“自下而上”方法具有尚未耗尽的启发潜力。