1. Shelter‐building is widespread in the animal world and such shelters often influence the success of their builders. Shelters built by caterpillars influence the likelihood of attacks by natural enemies, but how particular shelter traits influence caterpillar survival is not known. Furthermore, the differential effects of certain shelter traits on some natural enemies, such as predators, may lead to ‘enemy‐free space’ for other natural enemies (parasitoids). The parasitoid enemy‐free space hypothesis has not been directly tested for shelter‐building caterpillars.
2. To understand how shelter traits influence caterpillar survival, shelter traits, predation and parasitism were measured simultaneously for 24 caterpillar morphospecies (1,465 caterpillars) in a tropical dry forest and analysed in a phylogenetic context.
3. Shelter type, shelter openness and whether shelters accumulated frass had different amounts of phylogenetic signal, with frass accumulation displaying the most and shelter openness the least.
4. All three traits affected the frequency with which caterpillar species experienced predation. Predation was elevated in two shelter types (leaf folds and leaf rolls) compared to cut‐and‐fold shelters. Combinations of shelter openness and frass accumulation also affected predation, with closed frass‐free shelters having the lowest predation and closed frass‐filled shelters having the highest.
5. Parasitism was not affected by shelter traits but was strongly correlated with evolutionary history and negatively correlated with predation.
6. These results confirm a trade‐off between predation and parasitism and demonstrate that predation can be more frequent than parasitism. Different shelter types result in different amounts of predation. These defensive shelter traits and their effectiveness also vary phylogenetically. Together, our results suggest that predation and parasitism determine the success of shelter‐building caterpillars, and that success is a function of the specific shelter they construct. More generally, our results demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of defensive traits on both predators and parasitoids when investigating interactions between herbivores and natural enemies.

中文翻译：

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捕食者与寄生者之间：庇护所建造的毛毛虫群落中庇护所特征，捕食和寄生虫之间的复杂相互作用

1. 庇护所建造在动物界十分普遍，此类庇护所通常会影响其建造者的成功。由毛毛虫建造的庇护所会影响天敌袭击的可能性，但是尚不清楚特定的庇护所特征如何影响毛毛虫的生存。此外，某些庇护所特征对某些天敌（例如天敌）的不同影响可能会导致其他天敌（寄生虫）获得“无敌空间”。尚未对寄生虫无敌空间假说直接用于建造庇护所的毛毛虫的检验。
2. 为了了解庇护所特征如何影响毛虫的生存，在热带干旱森林中同时测量了24种毛虫形态物种（1,465毛虫）的庇护所特征，捕食和寄生状态，并在系统发育背景下进行了分析。
3. 避难所类型，避难所开放度和避难所是否积累了植物的系谱信号均不同，其中富集率最高的是避难所积累的，而避难所的开放程度最低。
4. 所有这三个性状均影响毛毛虫物种被捕食的频率。与折叠式避难所相比，两种避难所（叶褶和卷叶）的捕食率均升高。避难所开放性和无害性积累的结合也影响了捕食，封闭无害性庇护所的捕食率最低，而无害无味庇护所的保护度最高。
5. 寄生虫不受栖息地特征的影响，但与进化史密切相关，与捕食负相关。
6. 这些结果证实了捕食和寄生之间的权衡，并表明捕食比寄生更频繁。不同类型的庇护所导致的捕食数量不同。这些防御性住房的特征及其有效性在系统发育上也各不相同。总之，我们的结果表明，捕食和寄生行为决定了庇护所建造毛虫的成功，而成功取决于它们所建造的特定庇护所。更广泛地说，我们的结果表明，在研究食草动物与天敌之间的相互作用时，考虑防御性状对捕食者和寄生生物的影响非常重要。