Plant tropism refers to the directed movement of an organ or organism in response to external stimuli. Typically, these stimuli induce hormone transport that triggers cell growth or deformation. In turn, these local cellular changes create mechanical forces on the plant tissue that are balanced by an overall deformation of the organ, hence changing its orientation with respect to the stimuli. This complex feedback mechanism takes place in a three-dimensional growing plant with varying stimuli depending on the environment. We model this multiscale process in filamentary organs for an arbitrary stimulus by linking explicitly hormone transport to local tissue deformation leading to the generation of mechanical forces and the deformation of the organ in three dimensions. We show, as examples, that the gravitropic, phototropic, nutational, and thigmotropic dynamic responses can be easily captured by this framework. Further, the integration of evolving stimuli and/or multiple contradictory stimuli can lead to complex behavior such as sun following, canopy escape, and plant twining.

中文翻译：

---

在植物向性中环境刺激的多尺度整合产生复杂的行为

植物嗜性是指器官或生物体响应外部刺激而定向运动。通常，这些刺激诱导激素运输，从而触发细胞生长或变形。反过来，这些局部细胞变化在植物组织上产生机械力，该机械力被器官的整体变形所平衡，因此改变了其相对于刺激的方向。这种复杂的反馈机制发生在具有立体感的三维生长植物中，取决于环境。我们通过显式地将激素运输与局部组织变形相关联，从而导致机械力的产生和器官在三个维度上的变形，在丝状器官中为任意刺激建模了这种多尺度过程。作为示例，我们说明了重力，垂直，营养，该框架可以轻松捕获触变动力响应。此外，不断发展的刺激和/或多个矛盾的刺激的整合会导致复杂的行为，例如日照，树冠逃逸和植物缠绕。