Genetic similarity is a measure of the genetic relatedness among individuals. The standard method for computing these matrices involves the inner product of observed genetic variants. Such an approach is inaccurate or impossible if genotypes are not available, or not densely sampled, or of poor quality (for example, genetic analysis of extinct species). We provide a new method for computing genetic similarities among individuals using phylogenetic trees. Our method can supplement (or stand in for) computations based on genotypes. We provide simulations suggesting that the genetic similarity matrices computed from trees are consistent with those computed from genotypes. With our methods, quantitative analysis on genetic traits and analysis of heritability and co-heritability can be conducted directly using genetic similarity matrices and so in the absence of genotype data, or under uncertainty in the phylogenetic tree. We use simulation studies to demonstrate the advantages of our method, and we provide applications to data.

中文翻译：

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使用系统发育估计遗传相似性矩阵

遗传相似性是个体之间遗传相关性的量度。计算这些矩阵的标准方法涉及观察到的遗传变异的内积。如果没有可用的基因型，或者没有进行密集的采样，或者质量很差（例如，对灭绝物种的遗传分析），则这种方法是不准确或不可能的。我们提供了一种使用系统树计算个体间遗传相似性的新方法。我们的方法可以补充（或代表）基于基因型的计算。我们提供的模拟表明，从树计算出的遗传相似性矩阵与从基因型计算出的相似性矩阵是一致的。用我们的方法 可以使用遗传相似性矩阵直接进行遗传特征的定量分析以及遗传力和共遗传力的分析，因此在没有基因型数据的情况下或在系统发生树的不确定性下也可以进行。我们使用模拟研究来证明我们方法的优势，并提供数据应用。