A two-temperature magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model, which evolves the electron and ion temperatures separately, is implemented in the PSI-Tet code and used to model plasma dynamics in the HIT-SI experiment. When compared with single-temperature Hall-MHD, the two-temperature Hall-MHD model demonstrates improved qualitative agreement with experimental measurements, including: far-infrared interferometry, ion Doppler spectroscopy, Thomson scattering, and magnetic probe measurements. The two-temperature model is utilized for HIT-SI simulations in both the PSI-Tet and NIMROD codes at a number of different injector frequencies in the 14.5-68.5 kHz range. At all frequencies the two-temperature models result in increased toroidal current, lower chord-averaged density, and symmetrization of the current centroid, relative to single-temperature simulations. Both codes produce higher average temperatures and toroidal currents as the injector frequency is increased. Power balance and heat fluxes to the wall are calculated for the two-temperature PSI-Tet model and indicate considerable viscous and compressive heating, particularly at high injector frequency. Parameter scans are also presented for the artificial diffusivity, and Dirichlet wall temperature and density. Artificial diffusivity and the density boundary condition both significantly modify the plasma density profiles, leading to larger average temperatures, higher toroidal current, and increased relative density fluctuations at low diffusivity and low wall density. High power, low density simulations at 14.5 kHz achieve sufficiently high gain (G = 5) to generate significant volumes of closed flux lasting 1-2 injector periods.

中文翻译：

---

HIT-SI 实验的 Hall-MHD 模拟中的两个温度效应

两个温度磁流体动力学 (MHD) 模型分别演化电子和离子温度，在 PSI-Tet 代码中实现，用于模拟 HIT-SI 实验中的等离子体动力学。与单温度霍尔-MHD 相比，双温度霍尔-MHD 模型与实验测量结果具有更好的定性一致性，包括：远红外干涉测量、离子多普勒光谱、汤姆森散射和磁探针测量。双温度模型用于 PSI-Tet 和 NIMROD 代码中在 14.5-68.5 kHz 范围内的许多不同喷射器频率下的 HIT-SI 模拟。在所有频率下，相对于单温度模拟，双温度模型会导致环形电流增加、弦平均密度降低以及电流质心对称化。随着喷油器频率的增加，两种代码都会产生更高的平均温度和环形电流。计算了双温度 PSI-Tet 模型的壁面功率平衡和热通量，表明存在相当大的粘性和压缩加热，尤其是在高喷射器频率下。还提供了人工扩散率、狄利克雷壁温和密度的参数扫描。人工扩散率和密度边界条件都显着修改了等离子体密度分布，导致平均温度更高、环形电流更高，以及在低扩散率和低壁密度下增加相对密度波动。14.5 kHz 下的高功率、低密度模拟实现了足够高的增益 (G = 5)，以生成持续 1-2 个喷射器周期的大量闭合通量。