Waldo Tobler introduced his hiking function in a little‐known article in 1993, as a formal representation of the relationship between topographic gradient and the velocity of an average hiker, with parameters estimated from some previously collected data. Such functions are becoming more useful as apps for route guidance proliferate. Numerous practical issues are raised by any effort to validate these functions empirically. Hiking functions in general allow routes to be measured on various criteria, including travel time, travel distance, or energy consumption, yet, few efforts have been made to calibrate similar functions for other modes of travel, other traveler profiles, and other route criteria. Connected and autonomous vehicles raise the possibility that route choice may take on greater significance in the context of system‐wide goals, rather than the current individual self‐interest.

中文翻译：

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超越Tobler的远足功能

Waldo Tobler在1993年的一篇鲜为人知的文章中介绍了他的徒步旅行功能，用正式的表示形式表示了地形梯度和平均徒步旅行者的速度之间的关系，并使用了一些先前收集到的数据来估算参数。随着用于路线指引的应用程序的激增，此类功能变得越来越有用。试图凭经验验证这些功能的问题引起了许多实际问题。徒步旅行功能通常允许根据各种标准来测量路线，包括旅行时间，旅行距离或能源消耗，但是，很少有人努力为其他旅行方式，其他旅行者概况和其他路线标准校准类似功能。互联和自动驾驶汽车增加了路线选择在全系统目标范围内可能具有更大重要性的可能性，