Cereal asparagine synthetase genes,Annals of Applied Biology

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Cereal asparagine synthetase genes
Annals of Applied Biology ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-04 , DOI: 10.1111/aab.12632
Sarah Raffan ₁ , Nigel G Halford ₁

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Asparagine synthetase catalyses the transfer of an amino group from glutamine to aspartate to form glutamate and asparagine. The accumulation of free (non-protein) asparagine in crops has implications for food safety because free asparagine is the precursor for acrylamide, a carcinogenic contaminant that forms during high-temperature cooking and processing. Here we review publicly-available genome data for asparagine synthetase genes from species of the Pooideae subfamily, including bread wheat and related wheat species (Triticum and Aegilops spp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and rye (Secale cereale) of the Triticeae tribe. Also from the Pooideae subfamily: brachypodium (Brachypodium dystachion) of the Brachypodiae tribe. More diverse species are also included, comprising sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and maize (Zea mays) of the Panicoideae subfamily, and rice (Oryza sativa) of the Ehrhartoideae subfamily. The asparagine synthetase gene families of the Triticeae species each comprise five genes per genome, with the genes assigned to four groups: 1, 2, 3 (subdivided into 3.1 and 3.2) and 4. Each species has a single gene per genome in each group, except that some bread wheat varieties (genomes AABBDD) and emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides; genomes AABB) lack a group 2 gene in the B genome. This raises questions about the ancestry of cultivated pasta wheat and the B genome donor of bread wheat, suggesting that the hybridisation event that gave rise to hexaploid bread wheat occurred more than once. In phylogenetic analyses, genes from the other species cluster with the Triticeae genes, but brachypodium, sorghum and maize lack a group 2 gene, while rice has only two genes, one group 3 and one group 4. This means that TaASN2, the most highly expressed asparagine synthetase gene in wheat grain, has no equivalent in maize, rice, sorghum or brachypodium. An evolutionary pathway is proposed in which a series of gene duplications gave rise to the five genes found in modern Triticeae species.

中文翻译：

谷物天冬酰胺合成酶基因

天冬酰胺合成酶催化氨基从谷氨酰胺转移到天冬氨酸，形成谷氨酸和天冬酰胺。农作物中游离（非蛋白质）天冬酰胺的积累会对食品安全产生影响，因为游离天冬酰胺是丙烯酰胺的前体，丙烯酰胺是在高温烹饪和加工过程中形成的致癌污染物。在这里，我们回顾了早熟禾亚科物种的天冬酰胺合成酶基因的公开基因组数据，包括小麦科的面包小麦和相关小麦物种（小麦和山羊草）、大麦（Hordeum vulgare）和黑麦（Secale Greeke）。也来自早熟禾亚科：短足族的短足（Brachypodium Dystachion）。还包括更多样的物种，包括黍亚科的高粱 (Sorghum bicolor) 和玉米 (Zea mays)，以及 Ehrhartoideae 亚科的水稻 (Oryza sativa)。小麦科物种的天冬酰胺合成酶基因家族每个基因组包含 5 个基因，这些基因被分配到四组：1、2、3（细分为 3.1 和 3.2）和 4。每个物种每组的每个基因组都有一个基因，除了一些面包小麦品种（基因组 AABBDD）和二粒小麦（Triticum dicoccoides；基因组 AABB）在 B 基因组中缺少第 2 组基因。这引发了对栽培面食小麦和面包小麦 B 基因组供体的祖先的疑问，表明产生六倍体面包小麦的杂交事件发生了不止一次。在系统发育分析中，其他物种的基因与小麦科基因聚类，但短柄草、高粱和玉米缺乏第2组基因，而水稻只有两个基因，一个第3组和一个第4组。这意味着TaASN2是小麦籽粒中表达最高的天冬酰胺合成酶基因，在玉米、水稻、高粱或短柄草中没有对应的基因。提出了一种进化途径，其中一系列基因复制产生了现代小麦科物种中发现的五个基因。

更新日期：2020-09-04

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