Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the hypothalamus coordinate fertility and puberty. In order to achieve successful reproductive capacity, they receive signals from the periphery and from other hypothalamic neurons that coordinate energy homeostasis. Hormones, such as estradiol, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, act directly or indirectly on GnRH and its associated reproductive neurons. Nutrients like glucose and fatty acids can also affect reproductive neurons to signal nutrient availability. Additionally, acute and chronic inflammation is reported to detrimentally affect GnRH and kisspeptin expression. All of these cues activate signal transduction pathways within neurons that lead to the changes in GnRH neuronal function. The signalling pathways can also be dysregulated by endocrine disrupting chemicals, which impair fertility by misappropriating common signalling pathways. The complex mechanisms controlling the levels of GnRH during the reproductive cycle rely on a carefully orchestrated set of signal transduction events to regulate the positive and negative feedback arms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. If these signalling events are dysregulated, this will result is a downregulatory event leading to hypogonadal hypogonadism with decreased or absent fertility. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms involved in distinct neuronal signalling could provide an advantage to inform therapeutic interventions for infertility and reproductive disorders.

下丘脑中的促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元负责协调生育能力和青春期。为了获得成功的生殖能力，它们从周围和协调能量稳态的其他下丘脑神经元接收信号。激素，例如雌二醇，胰岛素，瘦素和脂联素，直接或间接作用于GnRH及其相关的生殖神经元。诸如葡萄糖和脂肪酸之类的营养素也可以影响生殖神经元，从而发出营养信息。另外，据报道，急性和慢性炎症有害地影响了GnRH和kisepteptin的表达。所有这些提示激活神经元内的信号转导途径，从而导致GnRH神经元功能的改变。信号传导途径也可能因内分泌干扰化学物质而失调，通过滥用常见的信号传导途径损害生育能力。在生殖周期中控制GnRH水平的复杂机制取决于精心设计的一组信号转导事件，以调节下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的正反馈和负反馈臂。如果这些信号事件失调，将导致下调事件，导致性腺功能低下性腺机能减退或生育能力下降。因此，对参与不同神经元信号传导的机制的了解可以为不育和生殖疾病的治疗干预提供依据。在生殖周期中控制GnRH水平的复杂机制取决于精心设计的一组信号转导事件，以调节下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的正反馈臂和负反馈臂。如果这些信号事件失调，将导致下调事件，导致性腺功能低下性腺机能减退或生育能力下降。因此，对参与不同神经元信号传导的机制的了解可以为不育和生殖疾病的治疗干预提供依据。在生殖周期中控制GnRH水平的复杂机制取决于精心设计的一组信号转导事件，以调节下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的正反馈和负反馈臂。如果这些信号事件失调，将导致下调事件，导致性腺功能低下性腺功能减退，生育力降低或缺失。因此，对参与不同神经元信号传导的机制的了解可以为不育和生殖疾病的治疗干预提供依据。这将导致下调事件，导致性腺功能减退症与生育力降低或缺乏。因此，对参与不同神经元信号传导的机制的了解可以为不育和生殖疾病的治疗干预提供依据。这将导致下调事件，导致性腺功能减退症与生育力降低或缺乏。因此，对参与不同神经元信号传导的机制的了解可以为不育和生殖疾病的治疗干预提供依据。