Abstract This study has aided an understanding of how the built environment impacts multiple facets of sustainability from perspective of job access that potentially assist in environmental protection, economic development, and social justice. However, the latter two contributions entail tradeoffs that are little-discussed in empirical research. We elaborate upon the manner in which job access affects economic and social sustainability and focus on tradeoffs between the two. We measure and characterize the impact of job access on housing prices and the spatial distribution of disadvantaged populations across New York City, using census data. Results document not only that there are significant positive effects of job access on housing but also that higher housing prices screen out disadvantaged populations and undermine social equity. Findings highlight the paradox in sustainable development that job access seldom exhibits simultaneous positive effects on economic and social equity. We propose that urban built environment might have sigificantimpact on and might be a solution to the tension between economic benefits and social loss regarding job accessibility. That is, appropriate spatial land use planning and public policies could maximize individual welfare and sustainability for future cities-a new perspective of achieving urban sustainability. The major challenge is finding a workable balance between economic and social sustainability that is theoretically sound and empirically feasible.

中文翻译：

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从就业机会重新审视城市可持续性：经济收益与社会公平损失的评估

摘要 本研究有助于从潜在有助于环境保护、经济发展和社会正义的就业机会的角度了解建筑环境如何影响可持续性的多个方面。然而，后两个贡献需要权衡，这在实证研究中很少讨论。我们详细阐述了就业机会影响经济和社会可持续性的方式，并重点关注两者之间的权衡。我们使用人口普查数据来衡量和描述就业机会对房价的影响以及纽约市弱势群体的空间分布。结果不仅表明就业机会对住房有显着的积极影响，而且较高的房价会屏蔽弱势群体并破坏社会公平。调查结果突出了可持续发展中的悖论，即就业机会很少同时对经济和社会公平产生积极影响。我们认为，城市建成环境可能对就业可及性方面的经济效益和社会损失之间的紧张关系产生重大影响，并可能成为解决方案。也就是说，适当的空间土地利用规划和公共政策可以最大限度地提高未来城市的个人福利和可持续性——实现城市可持续性的新视角。主要的挑战是在经济和社会可持续性之间找到一种可行的平衡，这种平衡在理论上是合理的，在经验上是可行的。我们认为，城市建成环境可能对就业可及性方面的经济效益和社会损失之间的紧张关系产生重大影响，并可能成为解决方案。也就是说，适当的空间土地利用规划和公共政策可以最大限度地提高未来城市的个人福利和可持续性——实现城市可持续性的新视角。主要的挑战是在经济和社会可持续性之间找到一种可行的平衡，这种平衡在理论上是合理的，在经验上是可行的。我们认为，城市建成环境可能对就业可及性方面的经济效益和社会损失之间的紧张关系产生重大影响，并可能成为解决方案。也就是说，适当的空间土地利用规划和公共政策可以最大限度地提高未来城市的个人福利和可持续性——实现城市可持续性的新视角。主要的挑战是在经济和社会可持续性之间找到一种可行的平衡，这种平衡在理论上是合理的，在经验上是可行的。