Small-scale propellers, especially those used on conventional multicopter configurations or in the context of urban air mobility, may experience high inflow angles. In order to improve their aerodynamic efficiency, a better understanding of the flow-fields that occur under non-axial inflow conditions is required. Therefore, both isolated and ducted small-scale fixed-pitch propellers are analyzed at a range of inflow angles from zero to 180 degrees, to investigate their steady and temporal resolved loads. Furthermore, the influence of the inflow angle on the flow field is investigated. The load data is also used to simulate the efficiency of different configurative propulsion concepts. The aerodynamics coefficients obtained experimentally, as well as the flow field analysis by particle image velocimetry (PIV), are in close agreement with the unsteady numerical results obtained by URANS calculations.

小型螺旋桨，尤其是用于常规多旋翼配置或在城市空中机动的情况下使用的螺旋桨，可能会遇到较大的流入角。为了提高其空气动力学效率，需要更好地理解在非轴向流入条件下发生的流场。因此，在零到180度的入流角范围内，都对隔离式和导管式小型固定螺距螺旋桨进行了分析，以研究其稳态和时间解析载荷。此外，研究了流入角对流场的影响。载荷数据还用于模拟不同配置推进概念的效率。通过实验获得的空气动力学系数，以及通过颗粒图像测速仪（PIV）进行的流场分析，