Today’s blockchain designs suffer from a trilemma claiming that no blockchain system can simultaneously achieve decentralization, security, and performance scalability. For current blockchain systems, as more nodes join the network, the efficiency of the system (computation, communication, and storage) stays constant at best. A leading idea for enabling blockchains to scale efficiency is the notion of sharding: different subsets of nodes handle different portions of the blockchain, thereby reducing the load for each individual node. However, existing sharding proposals achieve efficiency scaling by compromising on trust - corrupting the nodes in a given shard will lead to the permanent loss of the corresponding portion of data. In this paper, we settle the trilemma by demonstrating a new protocol for coded storage and computation in blockchains. In particular, we propose PolyShard: “polynomially coded sharding” scheme that achieves information-theoretic upper bounds on the efficiency of the storage, system throughput, as well as on trust, thus enabling a truly scalable system. We provide simulation results that numerically demonstrate the performance improvement over state of the arts, and the scalability of the PolyShard system. Finally, we discuss potential enhancements, and highlight practical considerations in building such a system.

中文翻译：

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PolyShard：编码分片可同时实现线性扩展效率和安全性

当今的区块链设计面临一个三难困境，声称没有任何区块链系统可以同时实现去中心化，安全性和性能可扩展性。对于当前的区块链系统，随着越来越多的节点加入网络，系统的效率（计算，通信和存储）将保持最佳状态。分片的概念是使区块链能够提高效率的一个领先理念：节点的不同子集处理区块链的不同部分，从而减少了每个单独节点的负载。但是，现有的分片提议通过损害信任来实现效率扩展-破坏给定分片中的节点将导致数据的相应部分永久丢失。在本文中，我们通过演示用于区块链中的编码存储和计算的新协议来解决难题。特别是，我们提出了PolyShard：“多项式编码分片”方案，该方案实现了存储效率，系统吞吐量以及信任度方面的信息理论上限，从而实现了真正可扩展的系统。我们提供的仿真结果以数值方式证明了与现有技术相比性能的改进以及PolyShard系统的可伸缩性。最后，我们讨论了潜在的增强功能，并强调了构建这样一个系统的实际考虑。以及PolyShard系统的可扩展性。最后，我们讨论了潜在的增强功能，并强调了构建这样一个系统的实际考虑。以及PolyShard系统的可扩展性。最后，我们讨论了潜在的增强功能，并强调了构建这样一个系统的实际考虑。