Achieving the goal of living in a sustainable and greener society, will need the chemical industry to move away from petroleum-based refineries to bio-refineries. This aim can be achieved by using biomass as the feedstock to produce platform chemicals. A platform chemical, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has gained much attention in recent years because of its chemical attributes as it can be used to produce green polymers such polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF) that is an alternative to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced from fossil fuel. Typically, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), an intermediate product of the acid dehydration of sugars, can be used as a precursor for the production of FDCA, and this transformation reaction has been extensively studied using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in different reaction media such as basic, neutral, and acidic media. In addition to the use of catalysts, conversion of HMF to FDCA occurs in the presence of oxidants such as air, O₂, H₂O₂, and t-BuOOH. Among them, O₂ has been the preferred oxidant due to its low cost and availability. However, due to the low stability of HMF and high processing cost to convert HMF to FDCA, researchers are studying the direct conversion of carbohydrates and biomass using both a single- and multi-phase approach for FDCA production. As there are issues arising from FDCA purification, much attention is now being paid to produce FDCA derivatives such as 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (FDCDM) to circumvent these problems. Despite these technical barriers, what is pivotal to achieve in a cost-effective manner high yields of FDCA and derivatives, is the design of highly efficient, stable, and selective multi-functional catalysts. In this review, we summarize in detail the advances in the reaction chemistry, catalysts, and operating conditions for FDCA production from sugars and carbohydrates.

实现生活在可持续发展和绿色社会的目标，需要化学工业从石油精炼厂转向生物精炼厂。这一目标可以通过使用生物质作为原料生产平台化学品来实现。2,5-呋喃二甲酸 (FDCA) 是一种平台化学品，近年来因其化学特性而受到广泛关注，因为它可用于生产绿色聚合物，例如聚乙烯 2,5-呋喃二甲酸 (PEF)，它是聚乙烯的替代品由化石燃料生产的对苯二甲酸酯（PET）。通常，5-（羟甲基）糠醛（HMF）是糖酸脱水的中间产物，可用作生产 FDCA 的前体，并且该转化反应已在不同的领域使用均相和非均相催化剂进行了广泛研究。反应介质如碱性、中性和酸性介质。除了使用催化剂之外，HMF 转化为 FDCA 的过程中还存在氧化剂，例如空气、O ₂、H ₂ O ₂和t-BuOOH。其中，O ₂由于其低成本和可用性而成为优选的氧化剂。然而，由于 HMF 的稳定性较低，且将 HMF 转化为 FDCA 的加工成本较高，研究人员正在研究使用单相和多相方法直接转化碳水化合物和生物质来生产 FDCA。由于FDCA纯化存在问题，现在人们非常关注生产FDCA衍生物，例如2,5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯(FDCDM)来解决这些问题。尽管存在这些技术障碍，以经济有效的方式实现FDCA及其衍生物高产率的关键是设计高效、稳定和选择性的多功能催化剂。在这篇综述中，我们详细总结了从糖和碳水化合物生产 FDCA 的反应化学、催化剂和操作条件方面的进展。