A realistic three‐dimensional (3D) computational model of skin flap closures using Asian‐like head templates from two different genders, male and female, has been developed. The current study aimed to understand the biomechanics of the local flap designs along with the effect of wound closures on the respective genders. Two Asian head templates from opposite genders were obtained to use as base models. A third‐order Yeoh hyperelastic model was adapted to characterize as skin material properties. A single layer composed of combined epidermis and dermis was considered, and the models were thickened according to respective anatomical positions. Each model gender was excised with a fixed defect size which was consequently covered by three different local flap designs, namely advancement, rotation, and rhomboid flaps. Post‐operative simulation presented various scenarios of skin flap closures. Rotation and rhomboid flaps demonstrated maximal tension at the apex of the flap for both genders as well as advancement flap in the female face model. However, advancement flap closure in the male face model was presented otherwise. Yet, the deformation patterns and the peak tension of the discussed flaps were consistent with conventional local flap surgery. Moreover, male face models generated higher stresses compared to the female face models with a 70.34% mean difference. Overall, the skin flap operations were executed manually, and the designed surgery model met the objectives successfully while acknowledging the study limitations.

中文翻译：

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使用有限元方法在 3D 人脸模型上预测局部襟翼闭合形式解。

已经开发了使用来自两种不同性别（男性和女性）的亚洲样头部模板的皮瓣闭合的真实三维 (3D) 计算模型。目前的研究旨在了解局部皮瓣设计的生物力学以及伤口闭合对各自性别的影响。获得了两个来自异性的亚洲头部模板作为基础模型。三阶 Yeoh 超弹性模型适用于表征皮肤材料特性。考虑由表皮和真皮组合构成的单层，并根据各自的解剖位置加厚模型。每个模型性别都切除了固定的缺陷尺寸，因此由三种不同的局部皮瓣设计覆盖，即前进、旋转和菱形皮瓣。术后模拟展示了皮瓣闭合的各种场景。旋转和菱形皮瓣显示出两种性别的皮瓣顶点处的最大张力，以及女性面部模型中的前进皮瓣。然而，男性面部模型中的推进皮瓣闭合以其他方式呈现。然而，所讨论的皮瓣的变形模式和峰值张力与传统的局部皮瓣手术一致。此外，与女性面部模型相比，男性面部模型产生了更高的压力，平均差异为 70.34%。总的来说，皮瓣手术是手动执行的，设计的手术模型成功地满足了目标，同时承认了研究的局限性。旋转和菱形皮瓣显示出两种性别的皮瓣顶点处的最大张力，以及女性面部模型中的前进皮瓣。然而，男性面部模型中的推进皮瓣闭合以其他方式呈现。然而，所讨论的皮瓣的变形模式和峰值张力与传统的局部皮瓣手术一致。此外，与女性面部模型相比，男性面部模型产生了更高的压力，平均差异为 70.34%。总的来说，皮瓣手术是手动执行的，设计的手术模型成功地满足了目标，同时承认了研究的局限性。旋转和菱形皮瓣显示出两种性别的皮瓣顶点处的最大张力，以及女性面部模型中的前进皮瓣。然而，男性面部模型中的推进皮瓣闭合以其他方式呈现。然而，所讨论的皮瓣的变形模式和峰值张力与传统的局部皮瓣手术一致。此外，与女性面部模型相比，男性面部模型产生了更高的压力，平均差异为 70.34%。总的来说，皮瓣手术是手动执行的，设计的手术模型成功地满足了目标，同时承认了研究的局限性。所讨论的皮瓣的变形模式和峰值张力与传统的局部皮瓣手术一致。此外，与女性面部模型相比，男性面部模型产生了更高的压力，平均差异为 70.34%。总的来说，皮瓣手术是手动执行的，设计的手术模型成功地满足了目标，同时承认了研究的局限性。所讨论的皮瓣的变形模式和峰值张力与传统的局部皮瓣手术一致。此外，与女性面部模型相比，男性面部模型产生了更高的压力，平均差异为 70.34%。总的来说，皮瓣手术是手动执行的，设计的手术模型成功地满足了目标，同时承认了研究的局限性。