Abstract In this study, a series of full-scale fire tests are performed in a tunnel with large cross-sectional vertical shafts. The heat release rates and fire locations are considered, and the general smoke development, smoke flow pattern in the shaft, smoke temperature distribution, and smoke front velocity are analysed. It is found that complete plug-holing occurs in the tunnel with large cross-sectional vertical shafts. The smoke flows into the shaft from the bottom sides and spreads out along the shaft sidewalls. The smoke cannot fill the shaft cross-section, even at the shaft outlet. In the early and full-development stages of a fire, a well-stratified smoke layer exists, whereas in the decay stage and after burning out, the visibility significantly reduces. The smoke can be controlled within 80–125 m on each side of the fire source, and it takes approximately 10 min for the visibility to self-recover naturally for common car fires after burning out. The results of the full-scale experiment indicate that the shaft has acceptable performance in smoke control for the test scenario investigated. According to an analysis of the tunnel environment during a common car fire, as well as the evacuation movement, it can be concluded that the occupants can escape safely. The experimental results are used to verify the smoke control performance of the vertical shaft and provide guidance for the design of naturally ventilated tunnels with vertical shafts.

中文翻译：

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具有大横截面竖井的全尺寸城市道路隧道火灾中的烟流

摘要 在本研究中，在具有大横截面竖井的隧道中进行了一系列全尺寸火灾试验。考虑了热释放率和火灾位置，并分析了一般的烟气发展、竖井中烟气流动模式、烟气温度分布和烟气前沿速度。研究发现，大截面竖井隧道发生完全塞孔现象。烟气从底部流入竖井，并沿竖井侧壁扩散。即使在竖井出口处，烟雾也无法充满竖井横截面。在火灾的早期和完全发展阶段，存在分层良好的烟层，而在衰减阶段和燃烧后，能见度显着降低。烟气可控制在火源两侧80-125m范围内，普通汽车火灾熄火后，能见度自然恢复大约需要10分钟。全尺寸实验的结果表明，对于所研究的测试场景，竖井在烟雾控制方面具有可接受的性能。根据对普通汽车火灾时隧道环境的分析，以及疏散运动，可以得出乘员可以安全逃生的结论。试验结果用于验证竖井的防烟性能，为竖井自然通风隧道的设计提供指导。全尺寸实验的结果表明，对于所研究的测试场景，竖井在烟雾控制方面具有可接受的性能。根据对普通汽车火灾时隧道环境的分析，以及疏散运动，可以得出乘员可以安全逃生的结论。试验结果用于验证竖井的防烟性能，为竖井自然通风隧道的设计提供指导。全尺寸实验的结果表明，对于所研究的测试场景，竖井在烟雾控制方面具有可接受的性能。根据对普通汽车火灾时隧道环境的分析，以及疏散运动，可以得出乘员可以安全逃生的结论。试验结果用于验证竖井的防烟性能，为竖井自然通风隧道的设计提供指导。