Abstract The artificial ground freezing (AGF) is one of the most popular ground-support methods. Driven by its reliability, compatibility with a wide range of ground types, and low impact on the environment, the AGF became one of the most favorable geotechnical-support methods in various mining, civil, and environmental projects. Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the AGF. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the complex phenomena associated with the AGF process. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of related publications that discuss the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the AGF. It reviews the most common types of AGF systems, their basic configurations, and their main applications. It also examines a series of analytical, numerical, and experimental analyses undertaken to assess and quantify the heat transfer and fluid flow during the AGF process. Throughout the literature review, one can observe the significant improvement of the problem formulation during the last decades. Previously, the multi-phase heat transfer was formulated by solving the conduction energy equation. This approach, however, has been advanced to another level of complexity by considering the convective groundwater flow. Currently, there are two common approaches to model the heat transfer of AGF problem: (i) the apparent heat capacity formulation, (ii) and the enthalpy-porosity formulation. It is concluded that the subject of AGF has received a lot of attention in the last decade, especially in environmental and civil applications. However, the number of experimental or analytical studies is very limited. Thus, there is a vast opportunity for research and development of the AGF.

中文翻译：

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人工地面冻结：热力和水力方面的回顾

摘要 人工地面冻结（AGF）是最流行的地面支护方法之一。由于其可靠性、与多种地面类型的兼容性以及对环境的低影响，AGF 成为各种采矿、土木和环境项目中最有利的岩土支持方法之一。在过去的几十年里，人们对 AGF 越来越感兴趣。已经进行了几项研究来调查与 AGF 过程相关的复杂现象。本文对讨论 AGF 的热力和水力特性的相关出版物进行了全面概述。它回顾了最常见的 AGF 系统类型、它们的基本配置和它们的主要应用。它还检查了一系列解析的、数值的、以及为评估和量化 AGF 过程中的传热和流体流动而进行的实验分析。纵观文献综述，人们可以观察到在过去几十年中问题表述的显着改进。以前，多相传热是通过求解传导能方程来制定的。然而，通过考虑对流地下水流，这种方法已经提高到另一个复杂程度。目前，有两种常用的方法来模拟 AGF 问题的传热：(i) 表观热容量公式，(ii) 和焓孔隙率公式。得出的结论是，AGF 的主题在过去十年中受到了很多关注，特别是在环境和民用应用方面。然而，实验或分析研究的数量非常有限。因此，AGF 的研究和开发存在巨大的机会。