Hurricanes are one of the most extreme storm systems that occur on Earth, characterized by strong rainfall and fast winds. The terrestrial exoplanets that will be characterized with future infrared space telescopes orbit M dwarf stars. As a result, the best observable terrestrial exoplanets have vastly different climates than Earth, with a large dayside-to-nightside irradiation contrast and relatively slow rotation. Hurricanes may affect future observations of terrestrial exoplanets because they enhance the vertical transport of water vapor and could influence ocean heat transport. In this work, we explore how the environment of terrestrial exoplanets orbiting M dwarf stars affects the favorability of hurricane genesis (formation). To do so, we apply metrics developed to understand hurricane genesis on Earth to three-dimensional climate models of ocean-covered exoplanets orbiting M dwarf stars. We find that hurricane genesis is most favorable on intermediate-rotating tidally locked terrestrial exoplanets with rotation periods of $\sim 8-10~\mathrm{days}$. As a result, hurricane genesis is most favorable for terrestrial exoplanets in the habitable zones of late-type M dwarf stars. The peak in the favorability of hurricane genesis at intermediate rotation occurs because sufficient spin is required for hurricane genesis, but the vertical wind shear on fast-rotating terrestrial exoplanets disrupts hurricane genesis. We find that hurricane genesis is less favorable on slowly rotating terrestrial exoplanets, which agrees with previous work. Future work using simulations that resolve hurricane genesis and evolution can test our expectations for how the environment affects the favorability of hurricane genesis on tidally locked terrestrial exoplanets.

中文翻译：

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飓风起源对围绕晚型 M 矮星运行的类地系外行星有利

飓风是地球上发生的最极端的风暴系统之一，其特点是强降雨和强风。未来红外太空望远镜将表征的类地系外行星围绕 M 矮星运行。因此，可观测到的最好的类地系外行星的气候与地球大不相同，白天到黑夜的辐照对比度大，自转速度相对较慢。飓风可能会影响未来对类地系外行星的观测，因为它们增强了水汽的垂直传输并可能影响海洋热传输。在这项工作中，我们探索了围绕 M 矮星运行的类地系外行星的环境如何影响飓风起源（形成）的有利性。为此，我们将用于了解地球上飓风起源的指标应用于围绕 M 矮星运行的海洋覆盖系外行星的三维气候模型。我们发现，自转周期为 $\sim 8-10~\mathrm{days}$ 的中间旋转潮汐锁定类地系外行星最有利于飓风的发生。因此，飓风起源最有利于晚型 M 矮星宜居带中的类地系外行星。由于飓风发生需要足够的自转，因此在中间旋转时飓风发生的有利性达到峰值，但快速旋转的类地系外行星上的垂直风切变扰乱了飓风的发生。我们发现飓风起源对缓慢旋转的类地系外行星不太有利，这与之前的工作一致。