Determining the inner structure of protons and nuclei in terms of their fundamental constituents has been one of the main tasks of high energy nuclear and particle physics experiments. This quest started as a mapping of the (average) parton densities as a function of longitudinal momentum fraction and resolution scale. Recently, the field has progressed to more differential imaging, where one important development is the description of the event-by-event quantum fluctuations in the wave function of the colliding hadron. In this review, recent developments on the extraction of proton and nuclear transverse geometry with event-by-event fluctuations from collider experiments at high energy is presented. The importance of this fundamentally interesting physics in other collider experiments like in studies of the properties of the quark gluon plasma is also illustrated.

中文翻译：

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高能下质子和核形状波动的回顾

根据质子和原子核的基本成分确定其内部结构一直是高能核和粒子物理实验的主要任务之一。这个探索开始是作为纵向动量分数和分辨率尺度的函数的（平均）部分密度的映射。最近，该领域已经发展到更多的差分成像，其中一个重要的发展是对碰撞强子波函数中逐事件量子涨落的描述。在这篇综述中，介绍了从高能对撞机实验中提取质子和核横向几何形状的最新进展。