Abstract: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is the third leading cause of cardiovascular death in the world. Important risk factors of thrombosis include bed restraint, surgery, major trauma, long journeys, inflammation, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives, previous venous thromboembolism, cancer, and bacterial infections. Sepsis increases the risk of blood clot formation 2– 20 times. In this review, we discussed various mechanisms related to the role of bacteria in venous thrombosis also taking into consideration the role of the human microbiome. Many known bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli, causing infections may increase the risk of thrombotic complications through platelet activation or may lead to an inflammatory reaction involving the fibrinolytic system. Additionally, the bacteria participate in the production of factors causing or increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. An example can be trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) but also uremic toxins (indoxyl sulfate), short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) phytoestrogens, and bile acids. Finally, we presented the involvement of many bacteria in the development of venous thromboembolism and other cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords: sepsis, microbiome, inflammation, deep vein thrombosis, trimethylamine N-oxide


中文翻译：

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静脉血栓栓塞中凝血障碍的微生物调节。

摘要：静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE），包括深静脉血栓形成（DVT）和肺栓塞（PE），是世界上导致心血管死亡的第三大原因。血栓形成的重要危险因素包括卧床休息，手术，重大创伤，长途旅行，炎症，怀孕和口服避孕药，先前的静脉血栓栓塞，癌症和细菌感染。败血症会增加2至20倍的血块形成风险。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了与细菌在静脉血栓形成中的作用有关的各种机制，同时考虑了人类微生物组的作用。许多已知细菌，例如幽门螺杆菌，肺炎衣原体，肺炎支原体，流感嗜血杆菌，肺炎链球菌，金黄色葡萄球菌和引起感染的大肠杆菌可能会通过血小板活化而增加血栓形成并发症的风险，或者可能导致涉及纤溶系统的炎症反应。另外，细菌参与引起或增加心血管疾病风险的因子的产生。一个例子可以是三甲胺N-氧化物（TMAO），也可以是尿毒症毒素（硫酸吲哚酚），短链脂肪酸（SCFA）植物雌激素和胆汁酸。最后，我们介绍了许多细菌参与静脉血栓栓塞和其他心血管疾病的发展。

关键词：败血症，微生物组，炎症，深静脉血栓形成，三甲胺N-氧化物