In bridge design, bridge decks regularly overhang past the exterior girders in arrange to extend the width of the deck whereas constraining the specified number of girders. The overhanging part of the deck comes about in uneven eccentric loads to the exterior girders which are by and large most prominent. These eccentric loads are primarily a result of bridge construction operations as well as the weight of new concrete and other construction live loads. These unbalanced loads can lead to a differential edge deflection of overhang deck and a rotation of the exterior girders. The girder rotation or differential deck deflection can also affect local and global stability of the entire bridge. The objective of this study is to enhance the knowledge and understanding of external girder behavior due to unbalanced eccentric construction loads and to identify the critical factors affecting their rotation. In this article, field data obtained during the construction of two skewed (one with a small skew (3.8°) and the second with a severe skew (24°)) and one non-skewed steel girder bridges are described, and a detailed comparison is presented. The three bridges experienced maximum outward exterior girder rotation during construction which subsequently decreased following construction operations. The field results were used to validate and calibrate the finite element models. The numerical and field-monitored data showed good agreement and can be used to assist bridge designers and construction engineers to design appropriate systems to limit girder rotation during construction.

中文翻译：

---

斜桥与非斜桥施工时外梁旋转

在桥梁设计中，桥面经常伸出外梁，以延长桥面的宽度，同时限制指定数量的梁。甲板的悬垂部分是在不均匀的偏心载荷下产生的，外梁通常是最突出的。这些偏心荷载主要是桥梁施工作业以及新混凝土和其他施工活荷载的重量的结果。这些不平衡的载荷会导致悬垂甲板的不同边缘偏转和外梁的旋转。大梁旋转或桥面板差挠度也会影响整个桥梁的局部和整体稳定性。本研究的目的是增强对不平衡偏心施工荷载引起的外梁行为的认识和理解，并确定影响其旋转的关键因素。本文介绍了两座斜交桥（一座斜度​​很小（3.8°），另一座斜度很大（24°））和一座非斜交钢梁桥在施工过程中获得的现场数据，并进行了详细的比较被表达。三座桥梁在施工期间经历了最大的向外外梁旋转，随后在施工操作后减少。现场结果用于验证和校准有限元模型。