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The PDR structure and kinematics around the compact H ii regions S235 A and S235 C with [C ii], [13C ii], [O i], and HCO+ line profiles
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-30 , DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2142
M S Kirsanova 1, 2 , V Ossenkopf-Okada 3 , L D Anderson 4, 5, 6 , P A Boley 2, 7 , J H Bieging 8 , Ya N Pavlyuchenkov 1 , M Luisi 5, 6 , N Schneider 3 , M Andersen 9 , M R Samal 10 , A M Sobolev 7 , C Buchbender 3 , R Aladro 11 , Y Okada 3
Affiliation  

The aim of the present work is to study structure and gas kinematics in the photodissociation regions (PDRs) around the compact HII regions S235A and S235C. We observe the [CII], [13CII] and [OI] line emission, using SOFIA/upGREAT and complement them by data of HCO+ and CO. We use the [13CII] line to measure the optical depth of the [CII] emission, and find that the [CII] line profiles are influenced by self-absorption, while the [13CII] line remains unaffected by these effects. Hence, for dense PDRs, [13CII] emission is a better tracer of gas kinematics. The optical depth of the [CII] line is up to 10 in S235A. We find an expanding motion of the [CII]-emitting layer of the PDRs into the front molecular layer in both regions. Comparison of the gas and dust columns shows that gas components visible neither in the [CII] nor in low-J CO lines may contribute to the total column across S235A. We test whether the observed properties of the PDRs match the predictions of spherical models of expanding HII region + PDR + molecular cloud. Integrated intensities of the [13CII], [CII] and [OI] lines are well-represented by the model, but the models do not reproduce the double-peaked [CII] line profiles due to an insufficient column density of C+. The model predicts that the [OI] line could be a more reliable tracer of gas kinematics, but the foreground self-absorbing material does not allow using it in the considered regions.

中文翻译:

具有 [C ii]、[13C ii]、[O i] 和 HCO+ 线轮廓的紧凑 H ii 区域 S235 A 和 S235 C 周围的 PDR 结构和运动学

本工作的目的是研究紧密 HII 区域 S235A 和 S235C 周围的光解离区 (PDR) 中的结构和气体运动学。我们使用 SOFIA/upGREAT 观察 [CII]、[13CII] 和 [OI] 线发射,并通过 HCO+ 和 CO 的数据对其进行补充。我们使用 [13CII] 线测量 [CII] 发射的光学深度,并发现 [CII] 谱线受自吸收影响,而 [13CII] 谱线不受这些影响。因此,对于密集的 PDR,[13CII] 发射是气体运动学的更好示踪剂。[CII]线的光学深度在S235A中高达10。我们发现 PDR 的 [CII] 发射层向两个区域的前分子层中的扩展运动。气体和尘埃柱的比较表明,在 [CII] 和低 J CO 线中均不可见的气体成分可能对整个 S235A 的总柱有贡献。我们测试观察到的 PDR 特性是否与扩展 HII 区域 + PDR + 分子云的球形模型的预测相匹配。[13CII]、[CII] 和 [OI] 线的综合强度由模型很好地表示,但由于 C+ 的柱密度不足,模型不能再现双峰 [CII] 线轮廓。该模型预测 [OI] 线可能是更可靠的气体运动示踪剂,但前景自吸收材料不允许在考虑的区域使用它。我们测试观察到的 PDR 特性是否与扩展 HII 区域 + PDR + 分子云的球形模型的预测相匹配。[13CII]、[CII] 和 [OI] 线的综合强度由模型很好地表示,但由于 C+ 的柱密度不足,模型不能再现双峰 [CII] 线轮廓。该模型预测 [OI] 线可能是更可靠的气体运动示踪剂,但前景自吸收材料不允许在考虑的区域使用它。我们测试观察到的 PDR 特性是否与扩展 HII 区域 + PDR + 分子云的球形模型的预测相匹配。[13CII]、[CII] 和 [OI] 线的综合强度由模型很好地表示,但由于 C+ 的柱密度不足,模型不能再现双峰 [CII] 线轮廓。该模型预测 [OI] 线可能是更可靠的气体运动示踪剂,但前景自吸收材料不允许在考虑的区域使用它。
更新日期:2020-07-30
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