Animal welfare is an essential component of dairy production and several systems exist to evaluate the welfare of dairy cows. Here, we review and compare three well-known systems that operate at farm level from around the world (FARM, Welfare Quality®, and The Code of Welfare) and discuss their advantages and limitations. Despite having some commonalities, the programs evaluate different elements. We also briefly review an emerging system (Integrated Diagnostic Welfare System) that might address some of the shortcomings of the existing systems, especially the possibility of automating the evaluation of animal well-being and identifying any cause of poor welfare. None of the aforementioned systems has been fully validated for their ability to assess animal welfare using independent measurements. The future holds increased attention around the well-being of dairy cows and increased use of sensing technologies. There is an urgent need for dairy welfare evaluation systems that are scientifically validated, holistic, and that can take advantage of the use of sensing technologies to continuously monitor animal welfare.

中文翻译：

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奶牛场福利评估系统

动物福利是奶制品生产的一个重要组成部分，并且存在几个评估奶牛福利的系统。在这里，我们回顾和比较了世界各地在农场层面运行的三个知名系统（FARM、福利质量®和福利法典）并讨论它们的优点和局限性。尽管有一些共同点，但这些程序评估不同的元素。我们还简要回顾了一个新兴系统（综合诊断福利系统），该系统可能会解决现有系统的一些缺点，特别是自动评估动物福利和识别福利不佳原因的可能性。上述系统均未充分验证其使用独立测量评估动物福利的能力。未来会越来越多地关注奶牛的健康状况和传感技术的使用。迫切需要经过科学验证、全面、