Due to the continued high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, there is still a need to develop new strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Proper cardiovascular function depends on the coordinated interplay and communication between cardiomyocytes and noncardiomyocytes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are enclosed in a lipid bilayer and represent a significant mechanism for intracellular communication. By containing and transporting various bioactive molecules, such as micro-ribonucleic acids (miRs) and proteins, to target cells, EVs impart favourable, neutral or detrimental effects on recipient cells, such as modulating gene expression, influencing cell phenotype, affecting molecular pathways and mediating biological behaviours. EVs can be released by cardiovascular system-related cells, such as cardiomyocytes, endotheliocytes, fibroblasts, platelets, smooth muscle cells, leucocytes, monocytes and macrophages. EVs containing miRs and proteins regulate a multitude of diverse functions in target cells, maintaining cardiovascular balance and health or inducing pathological changes in CVDs. On the one hand, miRs and proteins transferred by EVs play biological roles in maintaining normal cardiac structure and function under physiological conditions. On the other hand, EVs change the composition of their miR and protein cargoes under pathological conditions, which gives rise to the development of CVDs. Therefore, EVs hold tremendous potential to prevent, diagnose and treat CVDs. The current article reviews the specific functions of EVs in different CVDs.

由于全球范围内持续的高发病率和死亡率，仍然需要制定新的心血管疾病（CVD）预防、诊断和治疗策略。适当的心血管功能取决于心肌细胞和非心肌细胞之间的协调相互作用和沟通。细胞外囊泡（EV）被包裹在脂质双层中，代表了细胞内通讯的重要机制。通过包含微核糖核酸 (miR) 和蛋白质等各种生物活性分子并将其运输至靶细胞，EV 对受体细胞产生有利、中性或有害的影响，例如调节基因表达、影响细胞表型、影响分子途径和调节生物行为。EV可由心血管系统相关细胞释放，如心肌细胞、内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、血小板、平滑肌细胞、白细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞。含有 miR 和蛋白质的 EV 可调节靶细胞中的多种功能，维持心血管平衡和健康或诱导 CVD 的病理变化。一方面，miR和EV转移的蛋白质在生理条件下维持正常心脏结构和功能方面发挥着生物学作用。另一方面，EVs在病理条件下改变其miR和蛋白质货物的组成，从而引起CVD的发展。因此，电动汽车在预防、诊断和治疗心血管疾病方面具有巨大的潜力。本篇文章回顾了EV在不同CVD中的具体功能。