Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.

中文翻译：

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断奶猪的胃肠道反应分析揭示了氧化锌和卡巴多克斯的共有和特异性靶标。

抗生素和药理补锌在养猪业几十年来通常用作生长促进剂，但由于公共卫生和环境问题而受到限制。此外，尚不清楚与其促进生长相关的生理和代谢反应。为了表征由药理补锌（2500 mg / kg）和卡巴多克斯（55 mg / kg）诱导的这些反应，对192只断奶后的猪进行基础和试验日粮喂养43天。与基础相比，药理锌和卡巴多昔可独立改善生长性能。与基础锌相比，药理锌增加了胃粘膜的厚度，而卡巴多昔与非卡巴多相比增加了肠绒毛：隐窝的比率。与基础锌和非卡巴多克斯相比，药理学上的锌和卡巴多克斯可独立降低白介素（IL）-1β浓度。与基础锌相比，药理学锌将IL-1RA：IL-1的比例提高了42％，而卡巴多克斯与非卡巴多相比倾向于使IL-10和IL10：IL-12的比例提高。与非卡巴多克斯相比，卡巴多克斯增加了组氨酸和赖氨酸的粪便浓度。锌和卡巴多斯在药理学上对形态和营养代谢的独立作用，以及它们对免疫力的共同作用可能有助于促进生长。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。与基础锌相比，药理学锌将IL-1RA：IL-1的比例提高了42％，而卡巴多克斯与非卡巴多相比倾向于使IL-10和IL10：IL-12的比例提高。与非卡巴多克斯相比，卡巴多克斯增加了组氨酸和赖氨酸的粪便浓度。锌和卡巴多斯在药理学上对形态和营养代谢的独立作用，以及它们对免疫力的共同作用可能有助于促进生长。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。与基础锌相比，药理学锌将IL-1RA：IL-1的比例提高了42％，而卡巴多克斯与非卡巴多克斯相比倾向于提高IL-10和IL10：IL-12的比例。与非卡巴多相比，Carbadox增加了组氨酸和赖氨酸的粪便浓度。锌和卡巴多斯在药理学上对形态和营养代谢的独立作用，以及它们对免疫力的共同作用可能有助于促进生长。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。与非卡巴多相比，Carbadox增加了组氨酸和赖氨酸的粪便浓度。锌和卡巴多斯在药理学上对形态和营养代谢的独立作用，以及它们对免疫力的共同作用可能有助于促进生长。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。与非卡巴多克斯相比，卡巴多克斯增加了组氨酸和赖氨酸的粪便浓度。锌和卡巴多斯在药理学上对形态和营养代谢的独立作用，以及它们对免疫力的共同作用可能有助于促进生长。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。这些结果进一步证实了促进增长是多因素干预的概念。因此，阐明增长促进作用和寻找替代品应包括广谱评估。