Shallow lakes can shift between stable states as a result of anthropogenic or natural drivers. Four common stable states differ in dominant groups of primary producers: submerged, floating, or emergent macrophytes or phytoplankton. Shifts in primary producer dominance affect key supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services supplied by lakes. However, links between states and services are often neglected or unknown in lake management, resulting in conflicts and additional costs. Here, we identify major shallow lake ecosystem services and their links to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), compare service provisioning among the four ecosystem states and discuss potential trade-offs. We identified 39 ecosystem services potentially provided by shallow lakes. Submerged macrophytes facilitate most of the supporting (86%) and cultural (63%) services, emergent macrophytes facilitate most regulating services (60%), and both emergent and floating macrophytes facilitate most provisioning services (63%). Phytoplankton dominance supports fewer ecosystem services, and contributes most to provisioning services (42%). The shallow lake ecosystem services we identified could be linked to 10 different SDGs, notably zero hunger (SDG 2), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG13). We highlighted several trade-offs (1) among ecosystem services, (2) within ecosystem services, and (3) between ecosystem services across ecosystems. These trade-offs can have significant ecological and economic consequences that may be prevented by early identification in water quality management. In conclusion, common stable states in shallow lakes provide a different and diverse set of ecosystem services with numerous links to the majority of SDGs. Conserving and restoring ecosystem states should account for potential trade-offs between ecosystem services and preserving the natural value of shallow lakes.

中文翻译：

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转变状态，转变服务：将制度转变与浅湖生态系统服务的变化联系起来

由于人为或自然驱动因素，浅湖可以在稳定状态之间转换。四种常见的稳定状态在初级生产者的主要群体中有所不同：沉水、漂浮或挺生的大型植物或浮游植物。初级生产者主导地位的变化影响湖泊提供的关键支持、供应、调节和文化生态系统服务。然而，在湖泊管理中，状态和服务之间的联系经常被忽视或未知，从而导致冲突和额外成本。在这里，我们确定了主要的浅湖生态系统服务及其与可持续发展目标 (SDG) 的联系，比较了四种生态系统状态之间的服务供应，并讨论了潜在的权衡。我们确定了浅湖可能提供的 39 种生态系统服务。沉水植物促进了大部分支持 (86%) 和文化 (63%) 服务，新兴大型植物促进了大多数调节服务 (60%)，而新兴和漂浮植物促进了大多数供应服务 (63%)。浮游植物优势支持较少的生态系统服务，对供应服务的贡献最大 (42%)。我们确定的浅湖生态系统服务可以与 10 个不同的可持续发展目标相关联，特别是零饥饿（SDG 2）、清洁水和卫生设施（SDG 6）、可持续城市和社区（SDG 11）以及气候行动（SDG 13）。我们强调了几个权衡 (1) 生态系统服务之间、(2) 生态系统服务内部和 (3) 跨生态系统的生态系统服务之间的权衡。这些权衡可能会产生重大的生态和经济后果，而这些后果可以通过早期识别水质管理来防止。总之，浅湖中常见的稳定状态提供了一组不同且多样化的生态系统服务，与大多数可持续发展目标有许多联系。保护和恢复生态系统状态应考虑到生态系统服务与保护浅湖自然价值之间的潜在权衡。