Cancer persists as a major health catastrophe and a leading cause of widespread mortality across every nation. Research of several decades has increased our understanding of the pivotal pathways and key players of the host during tumor development and progression, which has enabled generation of precision therapeutics with improved efficacy. Despite such tremendous advancements in our combat against this fatal disease, a majority of the cancer patients suffer from poor tumor- free survival owing to the increased incidence of recurrent tumor. This is primarily due to the development of resistance against contemporary anti- cancer strategies. Recent studies have pointed towards the involvement of the human symbiotic gut microbiota in regulating the outcome of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. It does so primarily by modulating the metabolism of the drugs and host immune response, thereby enhancing the efficacy and ameliorating the toxicity. The interactions between the therapeutic agents, microbial community and host immunity may provide a new avenue for the clinical management of cancer. In addition, consumption of dietary pro-, pre- and synbiotics has been recognized to confer protection against tumor genesis and also promote improved response to traditional tumor suppressive strategies. Naturally, the use of various combinatorial regimes containing dietary supplements that improve the gut microbiome in amalgamation with conventional cancer treatment methods may significantly augment the therapeutic outcome of cancer patients and circumnavigate the resistance mechanisms that confound traditional therapies. In this review, we have summarized the role of the gut microbiome, which is the largest assembly of commensals within the human body, in regulating the efficacy and toxicity of various existing anti- cancer therapies including chemotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery. Furthermore, we have discussed how novel strategies integrating the application of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics in combination with the aforementioned anti- cancer modules manipulate the gut microbiota and, therefore, augment their therapeutic outcome. Together, such innovative anti- tumorigenic approaches may prove highly effective in improving the prognosis of cancer patients.

癌症一直是主要的健康灾难，也是每个国家普遍死亡的主要原因。几十年的研究增加了我们对肿瘤发展和进展过程中宿主的关键途径和关键参与者的理解，这使得产生具有更高疗效的精准治疗成为可能。尽管我们在与这种致命疾病的斗争中取得了如此巨大的进步，但由于复发性肿瘤的发病率增加，大多数癌症患者的无肿瘤生存率都很差。这主要是由于对当代抗癌策略的耐药性的发展。最近的研究表明人类共生肠道微生物群参与调节化疗和免疫治疗的结果。它主要通过调节药物的代谢和宿主免疫反应来实现，从而提高疗效并改善毒性。治疗剂、微生物群落和宿主免疫之间的相互作用可能为癌症的临床管理提供新的途径。此外，食用益生元、益生元和合生元已被认为可以防止肿瘤发生，并促进对传统肿瘤抑制策略的反应得到改善。自然地，使用含有膳食补充剂的各种组合方案，将改善肠道微生物组与传统癌症治疗方法相结合，可能会显着提高癌症患者的治疗效果，并绕过混淆传统疗法的耐药机制。在本次审查中，我们总结了肠道微生物组（人体内最大的共生体集合）在调节各种现有抗癌疗法（包括化学疗法、免疫疗法和手术）的功效和毒性方面的作用。此外，我们还讨论了将益生菌、益生元、合生元和抗生素的应用与上述抗癌模块相结合的新策略如何操纵肠道微生物群，从而增强其治疗效果。总之，这种创新的抗肿瘤发生方法可能在改善癌症患者的预后方面非常有效。在调节各种现有抗癌疗法（包括化学疗法、免疫疗法和手术）的功效和毒性方面。此外，我们还讨论了将益生菌、益生元、合生元和抗生素的应用与上述抗癌模块相结合的新策略如何操纵肠道微生物群，从而增强其治疗效果。总之，这种创新的抗肿瘤发生方法可能在改善癌症患者的预后方面非常有效。在调节各种现有抗癌疗法（包括化学疗法、免疫疗法和手术）的功效和毒性方面。此外，我们还讨论了将益生菌、益生元、合生元和抗生素的应用与上述抗癌模块相结合的新策略如何操纵肠道微生物群，从而增强其治疗效果。总之，这种创新的抗肿瘤发生方法可能在改善癌症患者的预后方面非常有效。