Polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 acids, PUFAs) are essential components of cell membranes in all mammals. A multifactorial beneficial influence of ω-3 fatty acids on the health of humans and other mammals has been observed for many years. Therefore, ω-3 fatty acids and their function in the prophylaxis and treatment of various pathologies have been subjected to numerous studies. Regarding the documented therapeutic influence of ω-3 fatty acids on the nervous and immune systems, the aim of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge and the critical assessment of the role of ω-3 fatty acids in the prophylaxis and treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rodent models. The prophylactic properties (pre-SCI) include the stabilization of neuron cell membranes, the reduction of the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and KC/GRO/CINC), the improvement of local blood flow, reduced eicosanoid production, activation of protective intracellular transcription pathways (dependent on RXR, PPAR-α, Akt, and CREB), and increased concentration of lipids, glycogen, and oligosaccharides by neurons. On the other hand, the therapeutic properties (post-SCI) include the increased production of endogenous antioxidants such as carnosine and homocarnosine, the maintenance of elevated GSH concentrations at the site of injury, reduced concentrations of oxidative stress marker (MDA), autophagy improvement (via increasing the expression of LC3-II), and p38 MAPK expression reduction in the superficial dorsal horns (limiting the sensation of neuropathic pain). Paradoxically, despite the well-documented protective activity of ω-3 acids in rodents with SCI, the research does not offer an answer to the principal question of the optimal dose and treatment duration. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing the role of multicenter rodent studies with the implementation of standards which initially may even be based on arbitrary criteria. Additionally, basing on available research data, the authors of this paper make a careful attempt at referring some of the conclusions to the human population.

中文翻译：

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Omega-3 脂肪酸在啮齿动物模型脊髓损伤后预防和治疗中的意义。


多不饱和脂肪酸（ ω -3 酸，PUFA）是所有哺乳动物细胞膜的重要组成部分。多年来，人们已经观察到ω -3 脂肪酸对人类和其他哺乳动物健康的多因素有益影响。因此， ω -3 脂肪酸及其在预防和治疗各种病理中的功能已受到大量研究。关于已记录的ω -3 脂肪酸对神经和免疫系统的治疗影响，本文的目的是介绍当前的知识状况以及对ω -3 脂肪酸在预防和治疗神经和免疫系统中的作用的关键评估。啮齿动物模型中的脊髓损伤（SCI）。预防特性（SCI前）包括稳定神经元细胞膜、减少炎症细胞因子（IL- 1β 、TNF- α 、IL-6和KC/GRO/CINC）的表达、改善局部炎症反应。血流量、类二十烷酸生成减少、保护性细胞内转录途径激活（依赖于 RXR、PPAR- α 、Akt 和 CREB）以及神经元脂质、糖原和寡糖浓度增加。另一方面，治疗特性（SCI后）包括内源性抗氧化剂（如肌肽和高肌肽）的产生增加、损伤部位GSH浓度的维持、氧化应激标记物（MDA）浓度的降低、自噬的改善（通过增加 LC3-II 的表达），以及浅表背角中 p38 MAPK 表达的减少（限制神经性疼痛的感觉）。 矛盾的是，尽管ω -3 酸对 SCI 啮齿动物具有保护活性，但该研究并未提供最佳剂量和治疗持续时间这一主要问题的答案。因此，值得强调多中心啮齿动物研究在实施标准方面的作用，这些标准最初甚至可能基于任意标准。此外，根据现有的研究数据，本文的作者仔细尝试将一些结论应用于人群。