Recent advances on milk exosomes (EXO), cargoes in cell−cell communication, explored their role within and between individuals, including in dairy species. The potential use of EXO as biomarkers of disease and metabolic conditions adds significant interest to the study of EXO in milk. Although several researches have been carried out on circulating miRNA in the milk, less information is available about milk-derived exosomal miRNAs, which are stable over time and resistant to digestion and milk processing. EXO are taken up by recipient cells through specific mechanisms, which enable the selective delivery of cargoes. This suggests that EXO cargoes can be used as biomarkers of health. Nevertheless, methodological limitations and potential applications of milk EXO in dairy ruminants must be considered. The paucity of studies that associate the EXO cargo to specific challenges deserves further investigations to unravel the variation of miRNA and proteins cargo in relation to metabolic imbalance and infectious disease of the mammary gland.

中文翻译：

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牛奶中的外泌体货物作为奶牛健康的潜在标志物

牛奶外泌体 (EXO) 的最新进展是细胞间通讯中的货物，探索了它们在个体内部和个体之间的作用，包括在乳制品中。EXO 作为疾病和代谢状况的生物标志物的潜在用途增加了对牛奶中 EXO 研究的极大兴趣。尽管已经对牛奶中的循环 miRNA 进行了几项研究，但关于牛奶衍生的外泌体 miRNA 的信息较少，它们随着时间的推移是稳定的，并且对消化和牛奶加工具有抵抗力。EXO 通过特定机制被受体细胞吸收，从而能够选择性地运送货物。这表明 EXO 货物可用作健康的生物标志物。然而，必须考虑牛奶 EXO 在奶牛反刍动物中的方法学限制和潜在应用。