Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an extremely successful intracellular pathogen that causes tuberculosis (TB), which remains the leading infectious cause of human death. The early interactions between Mtb and the host innate immune system largely determine the establishment of TB infection and disease development. Upon infection, host cells detect Mtb through a set of innate immune receptors and launch a range of cellular innate immune events. However, these innate defense mechanisms are extensively modulated by Mtb to avoid host immune clearance. In this review, we describe the emerging role of cytosolic nucleic acid-sensing pathways at the host–Mtb interface and summarize recently revealed mechanisms by which Mtb circumvents host cellular innate immune strategies such as membrane trafficking and integrity, cell death and autophagy. In addition, we discuss the newly elucidated strategies by which Mtb manipulates the host molecular regulatory machinery of innate immunity, including the intranuclear regulatory machinery, the ubiquitin system, and cellular intrinsic immune components. A better understanding of innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by Mtb will provide new insights into TB pathogenesis and contribute to the development of more effective TB vaccines and therapies.

结核分枝杆菌(Mtb) 是一种极为成功的细胞内病原体，可导致结核病 (TB)，而结核病仍然是导致人类死亡的主要传染性原因。Mtb 与宿主先天免疫系统之间的早期相互作用在很大程度上决定了 TB 感染的建立和疾病的发展。感染后，宿主细胞通过一组先天免疫受体检测 Mtb，并启动一系列细胞先天免疫事件。然而，这些先天防御机制被 Mtb 广泛调节以避免宿主免疫清除。在这篇综述中，我们描述了细胞质核酸传感途径在宿主中的新兴作用——Mtb 接口并总结了最近揭示的 Mtb 规避宿主细胞先天免疫策略的机制，如膜运输和完整性、细胞死亡和自噬。此外，我们讨论了新阐明的 Mtb 操纵先天免疫宿主分子调控机制的策略，包括核内调控机制、泛素系统和细胞内在免疫成分。更好地了解 Mtb 采用的先天免疫逃避机制将为结核病发病机制提供新的见解，并有助于开发更有效的结核病疫苗和疗法。