Abstract Large tsunamis can be generated by submarine slides, but these events are rare on human timescales and challenging to observe. Experiments and numerical modelling offer methods to understand the mechanisms by which they generate waves and what the potential hazard might be. However, to fully capture the complex waveform generated by a submarine slide, the slide dynamics must also be accurately modelled. It is computationally difficult to model both a three-dimensional submarine slide whilst simultaneously simulating oceanic-scale tsunamis. Past studies have either coupled localised models of the slide generation to oceanic-scale tsunami simulations or simplified the slide dynamics. Here, we present a new methodology of model coupling that generates the wave in the ocean-scale model via boundary-condition coupling of a two-dimensional dynamic slide simulation. We verify our coupling methodology by comparing model results to a previous simulation of a tsunamigenic slide in the Gulf of Mexico. We then examine the effect of slide deformation on the risk posed by hypothetical submarine slides around the UK. We show the deformable submarine slide simulations produce larger waves than the solid slide simulations due to the details of acceleration and velocity of the slide, although lateral spreading is not modelled. This work offers a new methodology for simulating oceanic-scale tsunamis caused by submarine slides using the output of a two-dimensional, multi-material simulation as input into a three-dimensional ocean model. This facilitates future exploration of the tsunami risk posed by tsunamigenic submarine slides that affect coastlines not normally prone to tsunamis.

中文翻译：

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一种对可变形海底滑坡产生的海啸进行大规模模拟的新方法

摘要 海底滑坡可以产生大型海啸，但这些事件在人类时间尺度上是罕见的，并且难以观察。实验和数值建模提供了理解波浪产生机制和潜在危险的方法。然而，要完全捕获海底滑梯产生的复杂波形，还必须对滑梯动力学进行准确建模。在模拟 3D 海底滑坡的同时模拟海洋尺度的海啸在计算上是困难的。过去的研究要么将滑坡生成的局部模型与海洋尺度海啸模拟相结合，要么简化了滑坡动力学。这里，我们提出了一种新的模型耦合方法，通过二维动态滑动模拟的边界条件耦合在海洋尺度模型中生成波浪。我们通过将模型结果与之前对墨西哥湾海啸滑坡的模拟结果进行比较来验证我们的耦合方法。然后，我们研究了滑坡变形对英国周围假设的潜艇滑坡所带来的风险的影响。我们展示了由于滑梯的加速度和速度的细节，可变形海底滑梯模拟产生比固体滑梯模拟更大的波浪，尽管没有对横向扩展进行建模。这项工作提供了一种新的方法来模拟由海底滑坡引起的海洋尺度海啸，使用二维多材料模拟的输出作为三维海洋模型的输入。