Abstract Increasing landscape heterogeneity (composition and configuration) can enhance natural enemy populations and support pest suppression in agricultural landscapes. Using a network-based data mining approach, we examined independent gradients of landscape composition and configuration at six spatial scales that were associated with pest suppression services measured at 32 sites in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA. We compared the relative effects of landscape composition and configuration across scales with those of local crop type (corn or grassland). We found that multiple gradients of configurational heterogeneity were independent of composition and strongly associated with pest suppression, with different configuration metrics being predictive of pest suppression depending on the spatial scales and regions considered. Landscapes that were more configurationally heterogeneous at smaller spatial scales consistently supported higher pest suppression. In Michigan, pest suppression increased in landscapes with high edge contrast between annual crops and surrounding habitats and high edge density of grassland within 250−500 m radii. In Wisconsin, pest suppression increased with large core area of grassland and high field density within a 250 m radius. The main compositional effect we found was a positive relationship between grassland cover and pest suppression occurring at larger spatial scales (1000−1500 m) and occurring in Wisconsin but not in Michigan. Our findings demonstrate that effects of landscape composition and configuration on pest suppression differ across spatial scales and vary regionally. The network-based data mining techniques used here could be useful for disentangling intercorrelated landscape metrics in a variety of other contexts in landscape ecology.

中文翻译：

---

景观组成和配置对农业害虫抑制具有尺度依赖效应

摘要 增加景观异质性（组成和配置）可以增加天敌种群并支持农业景观中的害虫抑制。使用基于网络的数据挖掘方法，我们检查了与在美国密歇根州和威斯康星州的 32 个地点测量的害虫抑制服务相关的六个空间尺度上景观组成和配置的独立梯度。我们比较了不同尺度的景观组成和配置与当地作物类型（玉米或草地）的相对影响。我们发现构型异质性的多个梯度与成分无关，并且与害虫抑制密切相关，不同的构型指标可以根据所考虑的空间尺度和区域预测害虫抑制。在较小空间尺度上具有更多构形异质性的景观始终支持更高的害虫抑制。在密歇根州，一年生作物与周围栖息地边缘对比度高且半径 250-500 m 范围内草地边缘密度高的景观中害虫抑制增加。在威斯康星州，随着草地核心面积大和 250 m 半径内的高田地密度，害虫抑制增加。我们发现的主要成分效应是草地覆盖率与在更大空间尺度（1000-1500 米）发生的害虫抑制之间存在正相关关系，发生在威斯康星州但不在密歇根州。我们的研究结果表明，景观组成和配置对害虫抑制的影响因空间尺度而异，并因区域而异。