Human brain atlases have been evolving tremendously, propelled recently by brain big projects, and driven by sophisticated imaging techniques, advanced brain mapping methods, vast data, analytical strategies, and powerful computing. We overview here this evolution in four categories: content, applications, functionality, and availability, in contrast to other works limited mostly to content. Four atlas generations are distinguished: early cortical maps, print stereotactic atlases, early digital atlases, and advanced brain atlas platforms, and 5 avenues in electronic atlases spanning the last two generations. Content-wise, new electronic atlases are categorized into eight groups considering their scope, parcellation, modality, plurality, scale, ethnicity, abnormality, and a mixture of them. Atlas content developments in these groups are heading in 23 various directions. Application-wise, we overview atlases in neuroeducation, research, and clinics, including stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, neuroradiology, neurology, and stroke. Functionality-wise, tools and functionalities are addressed for atlas creation, navigation, individualization, enabling operations, and application-specific. Availability is discussed in media and platforms, ranging from mobile solutions to leading-edge supercomputers, with three accessibility levels. The major application-wise shift has been from research to clinical practice, particularly in stereotactic and functional neurosurgery, although clinical applications are still lagging behind the atlas content progress. Atlas functionality also has been relatively neglected until recently, as the management of brain data explosion requires powerful tools. We suggest that the future human brain atlas-related research and development activities shall be founded on and benefit from a standard framework containing the core virtual brain model cum the brain atlas platform general architecture.

最近，在大脑大项目的推动下，在复杂的成像技术、先进的大脑绘图方法、海量数据、分析策略和强大计算的推动下，人类大脑图谱已经发生了巨大的发展。与其他主要局限于内容的作品相比，我们在这里从四个类别概述了这种演变：内容、应用程序、功能和可用性。区分了四代图谱：早期皮质图谱、印刷立体定向图谱、早期数字图谱和先进的脑图谱平台，以及跨越过去两代的电子图谱的 5 个途径。从内容上看，新电子地图集根据其范围、分割、形态、多样性、规模、种族、异常性及其混合分为八组。这些群体的 Atlas 内容开发正朝着 23 个不同的方向发展。在应用方面，我们概述了神经教育、研究和临床方面的图集，包括立体定向和功能神经外科、神经放射学、神经病学和中风。在功能方面，工具和功能可用于图集创建、导航、个性化、支持操作和特定于应用程序。可用性在媒体和平台上进行了讨论，范围从移动解决方案到领先的超级计算机，具有三个可访问级别。主要的应用转变是从研究到临床实践，特别是在立体定向和功能神经外科领域，尽管临床应用仍然落后于图谱内容的进展。直到最近，Atlas 功能也一直被相对忽视，因为大脑数据爆炸的管理需要强大的工具。我们建议，未来人脑图谱相关的研发活动应建立在包含核心虚拟大脑模型和脑图谱平台总体架构的标准框架之上并受益。