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A Pioneering Use of Early Computers in Weather and Mortality Research: Ellsworth Huntington’s Work with New York Life Insurance Companies in the 1920s
Annals of the American Association of Geographers ( IF 3.982 ) Pub Date : 2020-07-27 , DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1773233
Samuel Randalls 1
Affiliation  

Geographers are familiar with Ellsworth Huntington’s influential, yet frequently derided, claims about climatic determinism, eugenics, and the progress of civilization. His work on weather and mortality in New York City, a study conducted under the auspices of the National Research Council and with the extensive collaboration of New York–based life insurance companies, offers a different insight into Huntington’s approach. Although the results of this 1920s research project had a limited impact on the field, the work that produced it represents one of the earliest examples of using computing technology in the atmospheric sciences. Drawing on archival research at Yale University and the National Academy of Sciences, the article argues that not only can Huntington be considered pioneering in his use of early computers but the use of such machines constrained the research in important ways. The limited funding and processing capabilities of early computers, standardized punch card designs, necessary labor and staff time, and clerks’ learned practices all came to define the research project. This demonstrates that early computers did not simply enable more efficient numerical analysis of geographical problems but rather that they were part of sociotechnical configurations that were coemergent from the situated development of technologies within user communities.



中文翻译:

在天气和死亡率研究中开拓性地使用早期计算机:1920年代Ellsworth Huntington与纽约人寿保险公司的合作

地理学家熟悉埃尔斯沃思·亨廷顿(Ellsworth Huntington)关于气候决定论,优生学和文明进步的影响力,但经常被嘲笑。在国家研究委员会(National Research Council)的主持下进行的一项研究,以及纽约人寿保险公司的广泛合作下,他在纽约市进行的天气和死亡率研究为亨廷顿的方法提供了另一种见解。尽管这个1920年代研究项目的结果对该领域的影响有限,但产生该项目的工作却代表了在大气科学中使用计算技术的最早例子之一。借鉴耶鲁大学和美国国家科学院的档案研究,该文章认为,亨廷顿不仅可以被认为是他使用早期计算机的先驱,而且这种计算机的使用在重要方面也限制了这项研究。早期计算机的有限资金和处理能力,标准化的打孔卡设计,必要的人工和员工时间以及店员的学到的实践都可以定义研究项目。这表明,早期的计算机并不能简单地实现对地理问题的更有效的数值分析,而是它们是社会技术配置的一部分,这些技术是用户社区内部技术发展所产生的。和职员的学到的实践全都定义了研究项目。这表明,早期的计算机并不仅能对地理问题进行更有效的数值分析,而且它们是社会技术配置的一部分,而这些技术是用户社区内部技术发展所产生的。和职员的学到的实践全都定义了研究项目。这表明,早期的计算机并不能简单地实现对地理问题的更有效的数值分析,而是它们是社会技术配置的一部分,而这些技术又是由于用户社区内部技术的发展而产生的。

更新日期:2020-07-27
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