Fungicide and herbicide chemistries are commonly applied in agricultural production systems and other agricultural landscapes during flowering periods, which are concurrent with the timing of bee-dependent pollination services in many plant species. As a result, bees can be exposed to these pesticides while foraging crops and other flowering plants in the landscape where they have been administered. Laboratory and semi-field studies simulating these pesticide exposure scenarios have demonstrated lethal and sub-lethal impacts to both Apis and non-Apis species of domesticated bees. Exposure to fungicides and herbicides has also been attributed to bee genetic and molecular-level changes in some cases. Herbicides can also indirectly impact bees as a result of decreasing weeds and other flowering plants that serve as nutrient resources for foraging bees. We analyze a series of recent studies concerning the toxicity of fungicides and herbicides to Apis and non-Apis bees as a basis for forming our views on key priorities regarding the direction of future research initiatives in this area. Exploring the impacts of agricultural pesticides beyond insecticides to bees is timely given the documented bee declines in the last decade and the resulting widescale interest in identifying the different drivers of these declines among the biological and the ecological scientific communities.

中文翻译：

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杀菌剂和除草剂化学暴露对农业景观中蜜蜂和非蜜蜂的影响

杀菌剂和除草剂化学品通常在开花期用于农业生产系统和其他农业景观，这与许多植物物种依赖蜜蜂的授粉服务的时间同步。因此，蜜蜂在施用农药的景观中觅食农作物和其他开花植物时，可能会接触到这些农药。模拟这些农药暴露场景的实验室和半田间研究表明，对驯化蜜蜂的蜜蜂和非蜜蜂物种都有致命和亚致命的影响。在某些情况下，接触杀菌剂和除草剂也被归因于蜜蜂的遗传和分子水平的变化。由于杂草和其他作为觅食蜜蜂营养资源的开花植物的减少，除草剂也会间接影响蜜蜂。我们分析了最近关于杀菌剂和除草剂对蜜蜂和非蜜蜂的毒性的一系列研究，作为形成我们对有关该领域未来研究计划方向的关键优先事项的看法的基础。鉴于过去十年中蜜蜂数量下降的记录以及由此产生的对确定生物和生态科学界这些下降的不同驱动因素的广泛兴趣，探索除杀虫剂之外的农用杀虫剂对蜜蜂的影响是及时的。我们分析了最近关于杀菌剂和除草剂对蜜蜂和非蜜蜂的毒性的一系列研究，作为形成我们对有关该领域未来研究计划方向的关键优先事项的看法的基础。鉴于过去十年中蜜蜂数量下降的记录以及由此产生的对确定生物和生态科学界这些下降的不同驱动因素的广泛兴趣，探索除杀虫剂之外的农用杀虫剂对蜜蜂的影响是及时的。我们分析了最近关于杀菌剂和除草剂对蜜蜂和非蜜蜂的毒性的一系列研究，作为形成我们对有关该领域未来研究计划方向的关键优先事项的看法的基础。鉴于过去十年中蜜蜂数量下降的记录以及由此产生的对确定生物和生态科学界这些下降的不同驱动因素的广泛兴趣，探索除杀虫剂之外的农用杀虫剂对蜜蜂的影响是及时的。