Veterinary antibiotics such as sulfonamides are widely used to increase feed efficiency and to protect against disease in livestock production. The sulfonamide antimicrobial mechanism involves the blocking of folate biosynthesis by inhibiting bacterial dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) activity competitively. Interestingly, most treatment antibiotics can be released into the environment via manure and result in significant diffuse pollution in the environment. However, the physiological effects of sulfonamide during plant growth and development remain elusive because the plant response is dependent on folate biosynthesis and the concentration of antibiotics. Here, we present a chemical interaction docking model between Napa cabbage (Brassica campestris) DHPS and sulfamethoxazole and sulfamethazine, which are the most abundant sulfonamides detected in the environment. Furthermore, seedling growth inhibition was observed in lentil bean (Lens culinaris), rice (Oryza sativa), and Napa cabbage plants upon sulfonamide exposure. The results revealed that sulfonamide antibiotics target plant DHPS in a module similar to bacterial DHPS and affect early growth and the development of crop seedlings. Taking these results together, we suggest that sulfonamides act as pollutants in crop fields.

中文翻译：

---

兽用抗生素产生的磺酰胺污染对植物生长发育的影响。

兽用抗生素（如磺酰胺类）被广泛用于提高饲料效率和预防畜牧生产中的疾病。磺酰胺类抗菌机制涉及通过竞争性抑制细菌二氢蝶呤合酶（DHPS）活性来阻断叶酸的生物合成。有趣的是，大多数处理抗生素都可以通过 粪便释放到环境中，并在环境中造成严重的扩散污染。然而，由于植物的反应依赖于叶酸的生物合成和抗生素的浓度，因此磺酰胺在植物生长和发育过程中的生理作用仍然难以捉摸。在这里，我们提出了纳帕甘蓝（甘蓝型油菜）之间的化学相互作用对接模型）DHPS和磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺二甲嘧啶是在环境中检测到的最丰富的磺酰胺类。此外，在暴露于磺酰胺的情况下，在小扁豆（Lens culinaris），水稻（Oryza sativa）和纳帕白菜植物中均观察到了幼苗生长抑制作用。结果表明，磺胺类抗生素以类似于细菌DHPS的模块靶向植物DHPS，并影响作物幼苗的早期生长和发育。综合这些结果，我们建议磺胺类药物在农田中起污染物的作用。