People may be sympathetic to violent extremism when it serves their own interests. Such support may manifest itself via biased recognition of hate crimes. Psychological surveys were conducted in the wakes of mass shootings in the United States, New Zealand, and the Netherlands (total n = 2,332), to test whether factors that typically predict endorsement of violent extremism also predict biased hate crime perceptions. Path analyses indicated a consistent pattern of motivated judgment: hate crime perceptions were directly biased by prejudicial attitudes and indirectly biased by an aggrieved sense of disempowerment and White/Christian nationalism. After the shooting at a synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, disempowerment-fueled anti-Semitism predicted lower perceptions that the gunman was motivated by hatred and prejudice (study 1). After the shootings that occurred at two mosques in Christchurch, New Zealand, disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice similarly predicted lower hate crime perceptions (study 2a). Conversely, after the tram shooting in Utrecht, Netherlands (which was perpetrated by a Turkish-born immigrant), disempowerment-fueled Islamoprejudice predicted higher hate crime perceptions (study 2b). Finally, after the Walmart shooting in El Paso, Texas, hate crime perceptions were specifically biased by an ethnonationalist view of Hispanic immigrants as a symbolic (rather than realistic) threat to America; that is, disempowered individuals deemphasized likely hate crimes due to symbolic concerns about cultural supremacy rather than material concerns about jobs or crime (study 3). Altogether, biased hate crime perceptions can be purposive and reveal supremacist sympathies.

当人们为自己的利益服务时，人们可能会同情暴力极端主义。这种支持可以通过对仇恨犯罪的偏见来体现。心理调查是在美国，新西兰和荷兰大规模射杀的尾流进行（共ñ（= 2,332），以测试通常可以预测暴力极端主义得到认可的因素是否也可以预测偏见的仇恨犯罪观念。路径分析显示了一致的主动判断模式：仇恨犯罪的看法直接受到偏见态度的偏见，而因丧失权能感和怀特/基督教民族主义而间接偏见。在宾夕法尼亚州匹兹堡的一个犹太教堂开枪射击后，以无能为力的反犹太主义预示着持枪手是出于仇恨和偏见动机的较低观念（研究1）。在新西兰克赖斯特彻奇的两座清真寺发生枪击事件后，由无能为力的伊斯兰教法类似地预测了较低的仇恨犯罪观念（研究2a）。相反，在荷兰乌得勒支（由土耳其出生的移民实施）电车射击之后，赋予权力不足的伊斯兰教法预示着仇恨犯罪的观念会更高（研究2b）。最终，在沃尔玛在得克萨斯州埃尔帕索（El Paso）枪击事件发生后，仇恨犯罪的看法特别受到种族民族主义者对拉美裔移民的威胁，即对美国的象征性威胁（而非现实威胁）。也就是说，被剥夺了权力的人不重视可能的仇恨犯罪，这是由于对文化至上的象征性关注，而不是对工作或犯罪的实质性关注（研究3）。总的来说，有偏见的仇恨犯罪观念可能是有目的的，并显示出至高无上的同情心。种族主义认为西班牙裔移民是对美国的象征性（而非现实）威胁，因此仇恨犯罪的看法特别有偏见。也就是说，无权的人没有充分考虑到可能的仇恨犯罪，这是由于对文化至上的象征性关注，而不是对工作或犯罪的实质性关注（研究3）。总的来说，有偏见的仇恨犯罪观念可能是有目的的，并显示出至高无上的同情心。种族主义认为西班牙裔移民是对美国的象征性（而非现实）威胁，因此仇恨犯罪的看法特别有偏见。也就是说，被剥夺了权力的人不重视可能的仇恨犯罪，这是由于对文化至上的象征性关注，而不是对工作或犯罪的实质性关注（研究3）。总的来说，有偏见的仇恨犯罪观念可能是有目的的，并显示出至高无上的同情心。