Higher parent‐child relationship quality has been associated with less internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. However, it remained less clear whether these associations are universal or depend on the country under investigation. Furthermore, fathers are still understudied, even though there is increasing evidence of their important role in early adolescent development. Our study compared the association of mother‐child as well as father‐child relationship quality with early adolescents’ problem behavior in four culturally different countries, namely Hungary (N = 293; M_age = 11.22; 53% boys), the Netherlands (N = 242; M_age = 11.20; 48% boys), India (N = 230; M_age = 10.68; 61% boys), and Iceland (N = 261; M_age = 10.90; 53% boys). Early adolescents filled out questionnaires in their classroom, assessing warmth and conflict with fathers and mothers and internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. Stepwise multi‐group path analysis demonstrated no cross‐cultural differences in associations between quality of the parent‐child relationship and problem behavior. We did not find any effects of maternal or paternal warmth. However, across samples conflict with mothers was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, and conflict with fathers was associated with more externalizing problem behavior. Our findings highlight the need to target conflict with both fathers and mothers in interventions across different countries, especially when addressing externalizing problem behavior.

中文翻译：

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匈牙利，荷兰，印度和冰岛的父母－青少年关系质量和问题行为。

较高的亲子关系质量与较少的将问题行为内化和外化有关。但是，尚不清楚这些协会是普遍的还是依赖于所调查的国家。此外，尽管越来越多的证据表明，父亲在青少年早期发展中起着重要作用，但父亲的学习仍然不足。我们的研究比较了四个文化不同国家（匈牙利（N  = 293；M_年龄 = 11.22； 53％的男孩）），荷兰（N  = 242；M_年龄 = 11.20； 48％的男孩），印度（N  = 230；M_年龄 = 10.68; 61％的男孩）和冰岛（ N  = 261; M_年龄 = 10.90; 53％的男孩）。早期的青少年在教室里填写调查表，评估父母之间的温暖和冲突，以及内化和外化问题行为。逐步的多组路径分析表明，亲子关系质量和问题行为之间的关联没有跨文化差异。我们没有发现母性或父性温暖的任何影响。但是，在所有样本中，与母亲的冲突与更多的内部化和外部化问题行为相关，而与父亲的冲突与更多的外部化问题行为相关。我们的研究结果突显了在不同国家进行干预时，尤其是在解决外部问题行为时，有必要针对父母双方的冲突。