Animals and humans evolved sophisticated nervous systems that endowed them with the ability to form internal-models or beliefs and make predictions about the future to survive and flourish in a world in which future outcomes are often uncertain. Crucial to this capacity is the ability to adjust behavioral and learning policies in response to the level of uncertainty. Until recently, the neuronal mechanisms that could underlie such uncertainty-guided control have been largely unknown. In this review, I discuss newly discovered neuronal circuits in primates that represent uncertainty about future rewards and propose how they guide information-seeking, attention, decision-making, and learning to help us survive in an uncertain world. Lastly, I discuss the possible relevance of these findings to learning in artificial systems.

中文翻译：

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结果的不确定性如何调节注意力、学习和决策

动物和人类进化出了复杂的神经系统，赋予它们形成内部模型或信念的能力，并对未来做出预测，以便在未来结果往往不确定的世界中生存和繁荣。这种能力的关键是能够根据不确定性程度调整行为和学习政策。直到最近，这种不确定性引导控制背后的神经机制在很大程度上还是未知的。在这篇综述中，我讨论了灵长类动物中新发现的代表未来奖励不确定性的神经元回路，并提出它们如何指导信息寻求、注意力、决策和学习，以帮助我们在不确定的世界中生存。最后，我讨论了这些发现与人工系统学习的可能相关性。