Abstract Several foodborne diseases have been described in coastal populations from the past, many of them including parasitic infections related to marine diets. Considering this background, the strong relationship between hunter-gatherers from Patagonia and the marine species implies a possible source of parasitic infections and zoonotic risk. However, marine parasitic species have not been identified in archaeological sites from Patagonia so far. The aim of this paper is to propose the potential parasitic infections produced by the consumption of marine molluscs, fishes, birds and sea mammals by human populations from Patagonia during the Holocene, considering the current parasitic species identified in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. We searched in journal articles and book chapters for references of archaeological remains of molluscs, fishes, seabirds and marine mammals recorded in archaeological sites from the Atlantic coast below the 42nd parallel South. Afterwards, we surveyed all the macroparasites of marine origin identified by current parasitological research in the same species found in the archaeological record. We found that most of the marine species in the zooarchaeological record of Patagonia are currently hosts of many parasites. Some species of molluscs, fishes and pinnipeds are highly infected by larvae that are potentially hazardous for human health. Some of them are responsible for acute or chronic zoonotic diseases, with severe consequences depending on how the food was cooked, the amount of consumed parasites and the immune response of the host, in this case, humans. Fishes are host of several parasites related to anisakidosis and corynosomiasis. Sea lions species were also a potential source of the same zoonosis but also diphyllobothriasis. Molluscs are hosts of several parasitic species, but with less severe consequences for human health. On the other hand, birds are infected by adult parasites, without direct zoonotic importance. These findings, although limited by temporal and environmental variability, can provide a speculative overview about the potential influence of marine diets in the health of past hunter-gatherers of Patagonia, particularly if fishes, molluscs or marine mammals were consumed inadequately cooked.

中文翻译：

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巴塔哥尼亚古代人群中海鲜传播的潜在寄生虫感染

摘要 过去曾在沿海人群中描述过几种食源性疾病，其中许多包括与海洋饮食有关的寄生虫感染。考虑到这一背景，巴塔哥尼亚的狩猎采集者与海洋物种之间的密切关系意味着寄生虫感染和人畜共患病风险的可能来源。然而，迄今为止，尚未在巴塔哥尼亚的考古遗址中发现海洋寄生物种。本文的目的是提出在全新世期间巴塔哥尼亚的人类食用海洋软体动物、鱼类、鸟类和海洋哺乳动物所产生的潜在寄生虫感染，考虑到目前在南大西洋发现的寄生虫物种。我们在期刊文章和书籍章节中搜索软体动物、鱼类、在南纬 42 度线以下的大西洋沿岸的考古遗址中记录了海鸟和海洋哺乳动物。之后，我们对考古记录中发现的同一物种的当前寄生虫学研究确定的所有海洋起源的大寄生虫进行了调查。我们发现巴塔哥尼亚动物考古记录中的大多数海洋物种目前是许多寄生虫的宿主。一些软体动物、鱼类和鳍足类动物被幼虫高度感染，对人类健康有潜在危害。其中一些会导致急性或慢性人畜共患病，其严重后果取决于食物的烹饪方式、寄生虫的摄入量以及宿主（在这种情况下为人类）的免疫反应。鱼类是多种与异尖线虫病和棒状线虫病相关的寄生虫的宿主。海狮物种也是同样的人畜共患病和双叶丝虫病的潜在来源。软体动物是多种寄生物种的宿主，但对人类健康的影响较小。另一方面，鸟类被成年寄生虫感染，没有直接的人畜共患病重要性。这些发现虽然受到时间和环境可变性的限制，但可以提供关于海洋饮食对巴塔哥尼亚过去狩猎采集者健康的潜在影响的推测性概述，特别是如果鱼类、软体动物或海洋哺乳动物的食用未充分煮熟。