In eukaryotic cells, various membrane-bound organelles compartmentalize diverse cellular activities in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Numerous membraneless organelles assembled via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), known as condensates, also facilitate compartmentalization of cellular functions. Emerging evidence shows that these two organelle types interact in many biological processes. Membranes modulate the biogenesis and dynamics of phase-separated condensates by serving as assembly platforms or by forming direct contacts. Phase separation of membrane-associated proteins participates in various trafficking events, such as clustering of vesicles for temporally controlled fusion and storage, and transport of membraneless condensates on membrane-bound organelles. Phase separation also acts in cargo trafficking pathways by sorting and docking cargos for translocon-mediated transport across membranes, by shuttling cargos through the nuclear pore complex, and by triggering the formation of surrounding autophagosomes for delivery to lysosomes. The coordinated actions of membrane-bound and membraneless organelles ensure spatiotemporal control of various cellular functions.

在真核细胞中，各种膜结合的细胞器以时空受控的方式分隔各种细胞活动。通过液相-液相分离（LLPS）组装的许多无膜细胞器，也称为冷凝物，也有助于细胞功能的分隔。新兴证据表明，这两种细胞器类型在许多生物学过程中相互作用。膜通过充当组装平台或形成直接接触来调节相分离冷凝物的生物发生和动力学。膜相关蛋白的相分离参与各种运输事件，例如囊泡聚集以暂时控制融合和储存，以及无膜冷凝物在膜结合细胞器上的运输。相分离还通过以下方式起作用：通过分类和对接货物进行跨膜转运介导的跨膜运输，通过核孔复合体穿梭货物以及触发周围自噬体的形成以输送至溶酶体，从而实现了货物运输途径。膜结合和无膜细胞器的协调作用确保各种细胞功能的时空控制。