This paper investigates the effect of using augmented reality (AR) annotations and two different gaze visualizations, head pointer (HP) and eye gaze (EG), in an AR system for remote collaboration on physical tasks. First, we developed a spatial AR remote collaboration platform that supports sharing the remote expert’s HP or EG cues. Then the prototype system was evaluated with a user study comparing three conditions for sharing non-verbal cues: (1) a cursor pointer (CP), (2) HP and (3) EG with respect to task performance, workload assessment and user experience. We found that there was a clear difference between these three conditions in the performance time but no significant difference between the HP and EG conditions. When considering the perceived collaboration quality, the HP/EG interface was statistically significantly higher than the CP interface, but there was no significant difference for workload assessment between these three conditions. We used low-cost head tracking for the HP cue and found that this served as an effective referential pointer. This implies that in some circumstances, HP could be a good proxy for EG in remote collaboration. Head pointing is more accessible and cheaper to use than more expensive eye-tracking hardware and paves the way for multi-modal interaction based on HP and gesture in AR remote collaboration.

中文翻译：

---

使用头指针或眼睛凝视：凝视对空间AR远程协作进行物理任务的影响

本文研究了在AR系统中进行物理任务远程协作时，使用增强现实（AR）注释和两种不同的注视可视化效果（头指针（HP）和眼睛注视（EG））的效果。首先，我们开发了一个空间AR远程协作平台，该平台支持共享远程专家​​的HP或EG提示。然后，通过一项用户研究评估了原型系统，比较了共享非语言提示的三个条件：（1）光标指针（CP），（2）HP和（3）EG在任务性能，工作负载评估和用户体验方面。我们发现这三个条件之间在执行时间上有明显的差异，但HP和EG条件之间没有显着差异。考虑到可感知的协作质量时，HP / EG界面在统计学上显着高于CP界面，但是这三种情况之间的工作负载评估没有显着差异。我们对HP提示使用了低成本的头部跟踪，发现它可以作为有效的参考指针。这意味着在某些情况下，HP可以成为远程协作中EG的良好代理。头部指向比更昂贵的眼动追踪硬件更易于访问且使用更便宜，并且为基于HP和AR远程协作中的手势的多模式交互铺平了道路。在远程协作中，HP可能是EG的良好代理。头部指向比更昂贵的眼动追踪硬件更易于访问且使用更便宜，并且为基于HP和AR远程协作中的手势的多模式交互铺平了道路。在远程协作中，HP可能是EG的良好代理。头部指向比更昂贵的眼动追踪硬件更易于访问且使用更便宜，并且为基于HP和AR远程协作中的手势的多模式交互铺平了道路。